Corporate Finance System of Vodafone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Corporate Finance System of Vodafone - Essay Example Figure 10 Dividend payment of Vodafone as a percentage of net profit/loss (Source: Money.CNN.com) Figure 11 Dividend payment of AT&T as a percentage of net profit/loss (Source: Money.CNN.com) Figure 12 Dividend payment of Verizon & BT as a percentage of net profit/loss (Source: Money.CNN.com) Figure 13 Total Current Assets of Vodafone (Source: CNN Money) Figure 14 Total Current Liabilities of Vodafone (Source: CNN Money) Figure 15 Current Ratio of Vodafone Figure 16 Cash Ratio of Vodafone Figure 17 Total Assets and Total Liabilities of Vodafone (Source: CNN Money) Figure 18 Vodafone's withdrawal from committed facilities in 2004, 2005 and 2006 (Source: Vodafone Annual Report 2008. pp57) 1.0 Executive Summary This report is a comprehensive analysis of the corporate finance system of Vodafone. The analytics presented here is based on the published information by Vodafone on their corporate website and independent market information about the organisation from global financial analysis organisations. Overall, Vodafone is a large group with multiple legal entities. However, the CEOs of all the legal entities report to the group Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) manages consolidated finance for the group. The analysis presented herewith is pertaining to the consolidated finance of entire group and not of their individual legal entities. The entire analysis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the background information about the company whereby their corporate objectives, details about finance division, sources of finance, shareholder analysis, and corporate governance have been presented in brief. In the second chapter, the systematic and unsystematic risks associated with Vodafone and... The first chapter deals with the background information about the company whereby their corporate objectives, details about finance division, sources of finance, shareholder analysis, and corporate governance have been presented in brief. In the second chapter, the systematic and unsystematic risks associated with Vodafone and the global telecommunications industry as whole. The risk reports have been taken from Ernst and Young's assessment of global telecommunications industry risks, Deloitte's report on Vodafone's risks (published on the website of Vodafone) and the 2008 annual report of Vodafone. In the third chapter, the Capital Structure of Vodafone and have compared the same with old theories that have been accepted by accounting community largely. The Debt to Equity ratio of Vodafone is compared with similar companies in the telecommunications industry and the results are analyzed. The last part of this chapter deals with application of dividend payment theories in these companies. In the fourth chapter, the empirical theories of Working Capital management of firms and the usage of Money Markets has been presented with the help of literature review. Thereafter, the working capital management of Vodafone and their usage of money market instruments have been analyzed.

The Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay Example for Free

The Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay This novel is the autobiographical description of a young African American girl growing up in the South. She was left with her grandmother Annie along with her older brother Bailey while her parents went their own ways. She experienced segregation, discrimination, rape and molestation. Towards the end she became pregnant by a boyfriend, yet still completes high school. The story ends with her sleeping close to her new born son. Through all of these things, she learned that to be a black female you have to be strong. Obviously, a major theme that is addressed throughout the story is racism. She has observed her grandmother experience it and she experienced it herself. Her thoughts on how to deal with ‘white folks’ was less passive than she felt her grandmother’s approach was. Another theme was displacement. As a descendant of slaves, she felt that she, among many other African Americans, are struggling to find their place in this society. Her opening line: â€Å"What you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  reflects that she feels like she doesn’t belong where she is, and is on her way to where she does belong. African American dialect is used throughout the book, particularly in dialogue. She tells the story in first person and gives her commentary on the events of her life as well as descriptions of the significant occurrences of her life. The novel had a conversational style, as if she was in the room talking to you. She reflects on her memories and describes her emotions, and the effect certain situations had on later events in her life.   It seems to be a chronological account. It is evident that she believes that blacks should stand up for themselves. This is a society where there are many disadvantages for African Americans, but the challenges can be overcome with strength. She views life as a passing journey with lesson after lesson to be learned along the way.

Changes in market condition effects on the airline industry

Changes in market condition effects on the airline industry The purpose of this assignment is to study the changes in market condition that have affected the airline industry. The Airline industry has been introduced to the world since 1909.Airline services vary from intercontinental, to intra continental, domestic or international. They are portrayed through an oligopoly structure which is limited number of firms overlook the industry to produce imperfect competition. We discuss about airline oligopoly structure and current economic environment that shows an impact to the airline industry. The effects of technology advancement and competitive market will trigger the airline industry in terms of benefits and burden. We study the airline oligopoly structure, current economic and noneconomic environment, change in technology, effect of externalities and price discrimination shows an impact in the airline industry. Currently the airline industry is in high competition market causing a wide shakedown which will have long distance effect on the tr end of expanding the market. Airline industry was at least part government owned during the past but in the U.S most of the airlines are private owned. Airline Industry Structure The airline industry is classified as one of the oligopoly market structure. The oligopoly market is dominated by a number of firms that control the whole industry and this is a type of imperfect competition. Oligopoly firms have the rights in setting the price of a certain goods and also creating many types of output levels. When the oligopoly takes place in the market, competitors will compete with each other due to producing the same goods. Therefore, they will develop new ideas such as lowering the price of their goods and also other ways to improve the market share. In other words, oligopoly firms are interdependent. Besides that, an oligopoly firm such as the airline industry requires a huge capital investment to expand the business which will result in a higher cost. Based on the Air Transport Association (2002), roughly two thirds of the overall airline industry cost structure is fixed cost. According to Pettit and Murphy (2001), when there are over capitals, the airline industry cannot possibly generate sufficient revenues to cover up their total fixed cost hence the industry. In order to increase the number of passengers, the firm must reduce its cost and also to be given a fixed capital requirements. Moving on, airline industries are highly potential in producing efficiencies such as providing a better service and lower price to consumers. Through optimization, the airline industry may achieve higher profits and increasing the load factors, reducing the maintenance cost, settle off overhead cost for operating through synergies (Petit and Murphy 2001), and also suggested to reduce the flights to a weaker market. (Sharkey 2003) Next, an oligopoly firm may use the market power to control competition but however new innovation firms can overcome it by using the strategy of the low fare airlines. Although there is difficulty to enter the industry such as high cost and capital requirement, the industry appears to be more competitive as proven by the low-fare transport. Hence, new market competitors can continue experiencing high growth in profit unlike the bigger competitors. In the airline industry, it consists of smaller and bigger airline when both merge together, the antitrust considerations may prevent it from happening. According to Blair and Harrison (1999) and Moorman (2002), in order to protect new competitors in the market from an unfair competition and also anti competitive acquisitions, the antitrust provisions are required to change and enforce. Lastly, the price determination and economies of scale as well as the low cost competitors show that the airline industry is not a stable industry. Thus, structure with the lowest cost would be the survivor when the sales in the industry decrease. Current Economic and Noneconomic environment The airline industry has been facing a chain of unpredicted and noneconomic factors such as terrorist attack in 2001, spreading virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and also economic slow down. The airports have increased the cost of airlines after the September 11 attack, resulting impact on demand for air flights and also traveled time due to intensive security check. The 9/11 event had raise losses of that year to $7.7 billion, regardless government intervention of $5billion for the cost of shutting down the aviation system. Beside terrorist attack, airline industry had come across economic slowdown in early 2000. The economic slowdowns ease the business traveler, when the airline is depending on gainful sales of high price seats. According to Newman 2003, he suggested that even before the terrorist attack the airline industry is experiencing slow growth of passenger travel. Highly competitive airline is another factor affecting the airline industry. Until late 1990s, major airlines enjoy competition with low fare carriers. The new competitors are having lower cost per seat mile while making profit at lower fares. Microeconomics and macroeconomic market factors have lowered demand and increased elasticity demand in the industry. Figure 1 shows demand for airline tickets has decreased from D1 to D2 becoming more elastic. Is becomes flatter when there is higher price responsiveness, represented by decrease in price from P1 to P2. The equilibrium will shift from E1 to E2. Oligopoly industry will be motivated by the change in demand to reduce supply of seat in order to reduce the cost with a constant price at P1, supply curve shift from S1 to S2 with equilibrium at E3. FIGURE 1 Effect of technology changes The worlds airline industries have been using technologies to build customer relationship and also generate income to solve some of their difficulties. For airlines, technology like Electronic ticketing (ET) only offers in certain airlines decades ago. The main purpose of it was to encourage the implementation of ET with lower distribution costs and also to enhance online environment of airlines. Technology has transformed how airlines work back then. It is so much easier to manage the check-in system. Most airlines are taking up system that runs automated check-in. Instead of arriving at the airport early, traveler could just swipe their credit card through a machine and print out the e-ticket which saves a lot of time. Technology could be use to boost customer relationship. Through the Web, industry could offer travelers to customize their specific travel. For example a traveler that flies frequently are most likely to enjoy the airport lounge services, therefore the Web interface could direct the service with a higher cost with satisfaction. Figure 2 shows the effect of technology advancement in the airline industry. FIGURE 2 When demand for air ticket increases, the demand curve eventually shift upwards. The initial equilibrium is at E1 with initial price and quantity at P1 and Q1 respectively. With increase of demand, price will increase from P1 to P2 and quantity demanded will increase from Q1 to Q2 and the new equilibrium at E2. When airline industry is enjoying their benefits from cost saving, consumers gain benefits from greater price transparency and other choices. According to Newman 2003, he suggested webcasting and other types of telecommunication shows impact in the airline industry because there are increase in business travelers and consumers. Many business meeting or interview are conducted through video conferencing which save time and cost. Also employee could easily apply for overseas job via audio and video streaming at a distance location. (Cope 2002) Technologies that can communicate with each partner is essential for future benefits in the industry especially green technologies which could build a sustaining future. Price Discrimination Price discrimination is defined as a firm selling same goods at different prices to different types of customers. Price discrimination is also a known as price strategy. Example of firms that applies the price discrimination is the low cost airlines. Promotions for cheap air tickets are always advertised to attract customers to buy their air tickets earlier by giving a lower price. This enables the airline firm to have advantage of knowing their flight seat status and also a source of cash flow. When the date of the flight is getting nearer, the price of air tickets increases therefore customers that buy the tickets are likely to be paying at a higher price. In other words, this represents the concept of price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity of demand basically measures how much the quantity demanded of certain goods responds to a change in price of the particular goods. The figure below shows the effect of price elasticity of consumers on total revenue. FIGURE 3 Based on figure 3, we can observe that when the demand is elastic, the quantity demanded which are Q1 and Q2 will be greater than the percentage change in price P1 and P2. The total revenue after decreasing the price from P1 to P2 is greater than before the decreasing it. This is proven that the sales of the airline increased due the increase in quantity hence in this airline industry, consumers are relatively responsive towards to the changes in price. Effects of Externalities The airline industry growth has been increasing year by year. We can observe that nowadays many people are taking airplane to travel around the world. Furthermore, based on research during 1990 the number of passengers was approximately 125 billion and after 10 years it has increased to approximately 260 billion passengers. This showed that the demand increases every year because of the new development of technologies and also new low-cost airlines firms. Although the airline industry shows a positive growth every year, the negative external cost of flying more passengers pollutes the environment. Based on Dr Keith Tovey, energy science director at the University of East Anglias carbon reduction project. If you fly to Sydney, Australia, a plane will emit 5.6 tons of carbon dioxide per passenger, which is as much as an average household will emit a year. Moreover, aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of the greenhouse gas hence in future the percentage of emission will increase and affect the environment. In order to overcome this problem, the government has introduced a new solution which is the aviation tax to curb the environment damages. This would affect the increase airfare prices because of the tax on suppliers which had increased their cost of production. FIGURE 4 Based on figure 4, when the government implies the aviation tax on the suppliers, suppliers will reduce their supplies to reduce their cost. The supply curve S will to S1 hence the decrease in supply will lead to a decrease in number of quantities from Q to Q1 therefore the price will increase from P to P1. Conclusion In a nutshell, the changes in the airline industry market will affect the consumers to make decision. Certain airlines are cutting cost in order to increase their profit. Technology such as Wi-Fi is highly recommended in flight to satisfy customers need. (Newman, 2003) Small changes in the number of flight passengers can affect the airline financial result. Whenever there is a reduction in airline industry like the one during 2008, airport operating cost remain constant. Coy (2002) noted that every seats remaining available are consider as a lost although its at reduced fares. This is where price discrimination takes place. The global airline industry lost $50 billion in the past 10 years with $11billion last year alone. It would take at least three years to improve the industry. Worsen of airline has forced some airline corporate to file for bankrupt. According to IATA Chief Economist, the industry worst loss was $13 billion in 2001 with the September 11 event, and $80 billion income drop last year. To improve the economy, there should be more new entrants in the market to be more efficient. Regardless of any factor, the airline industry will always be unstable. Price will normally rise when there is tax charged by government. Thus, consumers plays a vital role in adjusting the changes occurs in the airline industry.

Stereotypes of Mothers Essay -- Motherhood Parenting Essays

Stereotypes of Mothers Single mothers, young mothers, and mothers in general have stereotypes attached to them. When you walk into a store with your child, depending on which of those stereotypes you fall into, people treat you completely different from the way they would if you were without child. I have ventured out without my son and with him to get my own perspective on how sales people and the general public react to me; I have also observed how people react to other single mothers, married mothers and single people. I volunteered two of my friends to go with me each time to observe how other people acted toward me. From the reactions observed its obvious that people think that mothers, in general, are kind, loving, honest, and modest. If you see someone walking into a store, mid to late 20’s or older with a child people get the â€Å"ahh† emotion. They see the child and they’re automatically compelled to smile and think â€Å"isn’t that sweet.† In upscale stores, if you’re dressed accordingly, you are not followed around and the sales people are more than willing to assist you. Some will even stand around and talk to you and amongst each other about how cute or sweet the child is, smile at you, and it gives you a feeling of warmth; you feel welcome. As I shopped this past weekend, I watched how people reacted to mothers, married women with their children. The give a lot of smiles and while greeting the women with children on their way in, they would look at the woman’s hand, to see if there was a ring I assume. If the woman had a ring on, she was showered with smiles and compliments, â€Å"what a beautiful child,† â€Å"she is so sweet,† â€Å"your baby is so good,† and they were more than willing to carry the clothes or products for th... ...s anything we can order for you let me know.† to the other lady who was leaving, she smiled and said ok. In this country we need to work on realizing that mothers are taking care of the future of our country no matter what their age. We need to respect them as mothers and not assume that they are spending all their money on expensive brand names and not feeding their kids. If a married woman can afford Gucci, so can a single mother, after all its only her and her child, no husband to feed, clothe and take care of. As for the younger generation getting pregnant and having children, I think it is sad, but they are taking on that responsibility and there is no reason that society should look down on them for that. We should look at people for what they are currently doing, not what others have done or what you assume they did to get into the predicament they’re in.

Recruitment research and documentation Essay

It was a very well presented from then; it included clear questions and very valid ones as well, such as work permissions within the UK, and criminal offence questions. However, there were some which could have been altered or excluded, if they were related to anyone at Coventry City Council was unneeded, that should not have any issues with them in the job. Disability and Equal opportunities had to be included which meant that their gender and origin had to be responded to truthfully and meant we got a slight overlook to get a better understanding of who they were. Education was rather bleak, candidates were asked on what schools they had gone to and what degrees were gone from where, but that was about it, they were not asked why they wanted to and so forth, but in any other situation, professionally we would have been able to ask it all in the interview, but with limited time we could not afford to include it. Most of the employment history was very good, it gave high amounts of detail and was also so simple, yet we still added questions into our interview which could have then been excluded, the questions at the end informing us about their intentions over why they wanted to employ here, again we added it within our interview and now I feel it was something we needed to refer to rather than go into detail as we did. The job description gave a simple overview of the job role and what they would be looking to get paid and work a week. The duties and responsibilities as well as the brief description meant that the applicant would understand what we were looking for and if they were suitable to apply, however, the basic number qualifications could have been added in to make it even more suitable, therefore the applicants would know what degrees and grades we would be associating to our job role. The specification gave the number of GCSE grades and experience we were looking for which meant that together the job description and the specification were working well together and also suited the job. We included a physical essential that I feel should have been worded differently; to say we needed a â€Å"clear voiced† applicant was for me incorrect. It should have been more based on communicational skills and a more confident desirable. Team or social activities as well as personality aspects are seen in essential also but these are small issues, other than this, I feel both are successful and complete their roles well. As stated before, our interview was rather successful in its plan, we made concentrated on sections for each individual and when it came down to making notes, we took turns based on what questions were asked, also the grade given to the responses meant that we could evaluate effectively and without too much hassle. We had researched and included some of the legislation aspects within our application, and we believe we have concluded it up to a good standard, my knowledge has been relatively good up till now and we have been able to apply it successfully within our interview as well. We made sure all our questions were not biased and asked rather in the same manner to each individual, we never included any sexual or ethical discriminating questions or implied as much, but if we had the funds, we could have asked and gone to a legal advisor to completely check our application and interview plan to make sure were conducting everything in and orderly fashion. Legislation is difficult situation as anything which can be seen as slightly biased would be approached, yet we feel we have successfully completed and understood this section to a certain extent. Yet I feel we have done this on a basic level and to work at a higher standard this could have been elaborated and an increase in the number of suitable acts within our application would prove this. We have included different ethical initiations within our documents which meant that we would not be revealing any detail given to us and this fell under the privacy act, we had thought to test it out prior to the interviews but insufficient time gave us a limited period in which to do so. I personally feel that this would have benefited the group as we could then make the alterations that were likely to appear. Recruiting is a difficult section with all its legal and ethical dimensions, to get it correct can be a mission in itself, yet we took these into consideration and worked around them as best we could. We placed lines initiating what the documents would be used for and how privacy would be kept within the company. I feel we had a good variety of job adverts and other such documentations to which we could refer back to or get ideas from, yet it was a basic bit of annotation to which we conducted to, we didn’t do any detailed evaluation over other companies documents which meant that the standard of ours would fall slightly due to this. Therefore I would suggest next time that we re-do this section in order to get a better analysis over detailed aspects of the documents by realizing the types of wording used as well as the layouts provided. Job advertisements were provided but could have been identified and found out easily off the internet or at a job centre, however, internal documents had to be released or made up as we could not just get our hands on them. We had ideas given to us that related to them and we used them to the best we could but again I feel the time we had meant we had to make basic adjustments rather than go into strict detail over them. I would perhaps get a wider research range from the internet and companies to find small aspects of the job description to which I could include and then it would increase the standard on a general scale. I was the one who created the induction package, yet I had not thought of interviewing a real manager to see if they felt that it was suitable, this would have been rather easy under the circumstances and would benefit the group tremendously, yet previous induction packages off the internet and ones provided gave a good outline which made it easier to identify areas which needed to be targeted. It included all the basic details such as the general facilities and the safety procedures. Yet the layout again is rather basic, without a previous internal document to refer to in order to gain a good understanding, it was difficult to gain certain point or include others. Yet, the basic layout is made up for by the inclusion of all the main issues and points which need to be included in a real induction, signatures at the end and instructions are there also to professionalize the document as well as giving the candidate some sort of reference to what should be included once in the job.

Before An Earthquake Essays - Earthquake, Seismology, Survival Kit

Before An Earthquake Essays - Earthquake, Seismology, Survival Kit Before an Earthquake Check for dangers in the home: ? store breakable objects such as glass and china in low, and closed cabinets. ? repair any cracks in ceilings or foundations ? check electrical wiring and gas connections ? keep pesticides, weed killers, and other flammable in closed cabinets on the bottom shelves Know where the safe spots are in every room: ? should be away from windows, mirrors, pictures, anywhere where glass could shatter, heavy bookcases, and heavy furniture Make sure family members know what to do after the quake: ? know how and when to turn off the gas, electricity, and water ? teach kids how to phone 911, or fire department, and which radio station to tune to Prepare and emergency kit with: ? flashlight and extra batteries ? portable radio and extra batteries ? first aid kit ? emergency food and water ? can opener ? medicines ? shoes Emergency communication plan for: ? reuniting after the earthquake if family members are separated from one another ? ask a relative or friend as the "contact person" after the disaster. Make sure everyone in the family knows the name, address, and the phone number of the contact person During an earthquake: If inside: ? take cover under a desk or against the wall and stay there ? don?t leave the building during the earthquake If outside: ? Stay away from buildings, street lights, and overpasses ? stay there until the shaking stops If driving: ? stop quickly and pull to the side of the road ? stay in the vehicle ? avoid bridges or ramps that are damaged by the quake once the shaking has stopped If in a public area: ? do not panic ? move away from shelves After an earthquake: ? be prepare for aftershocks ? don?t move seriously injured persons unless they need are in immediate danger ? listen to radio or television for the latest information ? stay our of damaged buildings Checking for damage in your home: Gas leaks: ? if you smell gas or hear a hissing or exploding noise, open a window and leave the building quickly ? call gas company to turn off the gas ? NEVER turn off the gas yourself unless you are a professional Electrical system damage: ? if you see sparks, broken wires, smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at the fuse box or circuit breaker Sewage and water lines: ? don?t use the toilet if the sewage line is damaged ? call the water company if the water pipes are damaged

Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. Kennedy

Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. Kennedy Free Online Research Papers The famous Indianapolis speech, given by Robert F. Kennedy, breaking the news of the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King (informing a mostly black audience) is a perfect example of the humble, humanistic speech style of former Presidential candidate. Although short, Kennedy’s words in this speech are profound and lasting, a simple approach which was mastered by this great social thinker. Through rhetorical analysis of this somber speech it is clear that Kennedy was a clever, emotional connected public speaker who used his time at the podium to not only commemorate a life, but also build support for his campaign. The speech was given the evening of April 4, 1968 during Kennedy’s campaign tour. Kennedy had just arrived in Indianapolis, Indiana when he heard the tragic news of Kings Assassination. Immediately after his plane landed Kennedy was expected to appear publicly to promote his campaign. While the police highly urged Kennedy to skip this stop on his tour because the area was considered to be a dangerous ghetto, Kennedy insisted he reach out to its inhabitants. The sudden, unexpected, and devastating news was the catalyst for an immediate change of agenda as Kennedy would have the difficult task of speaking to a mostly black, very up-beat audience, none of whom were aware of the recent assassination of King. This set the scene for what would be a memorable, reflective, and impromptu memorial speech that has been preserved as a Kennedy trademark. Because of the spur-of-the-moment nature of this speech, it is hard to categorize. Obviously Kennedy was working on a campaign but the speech, both in content and format, is presented as a special occasion style speech. Kennedy begins by breaking the news of Kings death to his audience (who reaction is horrifying) then quickly brings the attention back to himself by using humanistic, thoughtful language which sets up the rest of his unplanned speech as a tribute of sorts. It was clear that Kennedy was particularly aware of his mostly black audience as he makes every effort to relate to them through sympathy and equality. He never speaks down to them about King but rather speaks as if he were one of them. Throughout the speech Kennedy stayed calm and collected yet never seemed desensitized (as is so often the case with more modern speakers). You could see through the delivery of his speech and the tone of his voice and language that this was a very serious occasion not to be discussed in a sterile manner but rather through respectful commemoration. He constantly reminds the audience of the goals for King and cleverly connects those goals to his own, further gaining audience respect as a leader and equal individual. An example of this is presented toward the beginning of the speech when Kennedy states â€Å"Martin Luther King dedicated his life to love and to justice between fellow human beings. He died in the cause of that effort. In this difficult day, in this difficult time for the United States, its perhaps well to ask what kind of a nation we are and what direction we want to move in.† This is beautifully poet and political as it seamlessly and honestly pays tribute to King and his work, while at the same time build momentum for Kennedy’s own work as a Presidential candidate. While this speech is very eloquent and appears to be crafted, it is important to recognize the atypical circumstances that shape the delivery of the speech. Since it was a unarranged speech the language, while poet and constant, is ultimately informal in terms of a political rally. Kennedy has a very solemn tone of voice that isn’t recognizable as a political quality. This is not at all in appropriate, but rather due to the circumstance very effective as it automatically allows the audience to share these words rather than just receive them. Furthermore Kennedy centers the body of the speech around social injustice, equality, and national division all topics relevant to the life of King, and his own work. It is clear that the audiences fear and devastation quickly turns into a powerful excited energy to continue King’s mission. This displays a certain level of brilliance on the part of Kennedy because it is surely assumed that he new a situation like this could turn to riot and destruction, yet through his smart and personal language he reversed a possible disaster before it could even begin. This genius is displayed when he states â€Å"For those of you who are black and are tempted to be filled with hatred and mistrust of the injustice of such an act, against all white people, I would only say that I can also feel in my own heart the same kind of feeling†¦But we have to make an effort in the United States, we have to make an effort to understand, to get beyond these rather difficult times. Finally Kennedy ends with a reflective quote from Aeschylus, and once again repeats for the third time â€Å"What we need in America† then going on to his quick agenda. This repetition is an affective tool in his speech, especially one as short as this. Again this allows him to stay connected to the theme of a tribute speech while also driving his point into the minds and more importantly the hearts of his audience. Kennedy not only rose to the occasion but rose above it. He was seamlessly able to honor the life of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King by connecting King’s life’s dreams to his career and campaign goals. His words were simple and clear (specifically being adjusted to his lower economic class audience) but poetic and profound. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated himself only two months after the night he gave this speech. His words echo through decades and his powerful skills as a social leader and kind nature as a human being as forever sealed within the unforgettable words of this speech. Research Papers on Rhetorical Speech Analysis- Robert F. KennedyHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is ArtCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Hurricanes1 essays

Hurricanes1 essays Summer is over and fall has arrived- but many people to the south of us are observing another season- hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, "hurricanes usually occur in the North Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September." On average, between six to eight hurricanes form in the North Atlantic or North Pacific each year (Montshire). However, as many as 15 have occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, whirling storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). Many hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate within the doldrums, a "narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, light variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast trade winds" (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, known as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air prevalent in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of lowest pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that "hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the curve of a parabola". Also, that in the "Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel first in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes turn toward the northeast". "In the Southern Hemisphere the u...

SCADA Worm Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SCADA Worm - Case Study Example It is as well the first worm which encompasses a programmable logic controller (PLC) root kit. Additionally, in the beginning Stuxnet worm dispersed without rhyme or reason; however, it incorporated a high level and sophisticated malware payload that was particularly designed to target Siemens supervisory control and data acquisition (or simply SCADA) systems that are intended to manage and observe detailed industrial procedures. In this scenario, Stuxnet infects PLCs by weakening the Step-7 software system that is employed to reprogram these systems (O'Murchu, 2012; Keizer, 2009; John, 2010; Masood, Um-e-Ghazia, & Anwar, 2011). This paper discusses the impact and the vulnerability of the SCADA/Stuxnet Worm in the critical infrastructure of the United States. This paper will also discuss some of the important methods to mitigate the vulnerabilities. This research will investigate the levels of responsibility between government agencies and the private sector for mitigating threats an d vulnerabilities. Vulnerability of the SCADA This section outlines some of the major vulnerabilities regarding SCADA. Various research studies have shown that a range of vulnerabilities still exist inside SCADA systems. In this scenario, the majority of extensively publicized security based attacks on SCADA systems have taken place over the past few years as well as a large number of reports have been produced confidentially and publicly admitting issues and challenges securing similar systems. For example, SCADA system’s major vulnerability revealed itself when Japanese groups purportedly attacked control systems organizing commuter trains. Another major vulnerability attack was the Slammer worm that immobilized a security monitoring arrangement at Davis-Besse nuclear power plant located in the Oak Harbor, Ohio in the year 2003 (Swan, 2012; Fidler, 2011; Rebane, 2011). In addition, there are so many other instances of this attack, for instance a major vulnerability taking p lace due to an illegal intrusion through a previous, disgruntled worker into a worldwide chemical corporation attempting to cause damage. In the same way, Ira Winkler’s security based vulnerability instance in SCADA happened while conducting experiments at a power corporation network that was so flourishing that the test had to be stopped. Another major vulnerability in SCADA was identified due to the Sobig computer virus that influenced the CSX train signaling arrangement in the year 2003. Additionally, the disruption in collaboration and communication happened in Worcester, Massachusetts Air Traffic Communications system in 1997. SCADA vulnerability also happened due to foreign actors, where a cyber attacked a United States water plant in an obvious effort to achieve access as well as probably control of the significant corporate arrangement. In addition, the latest Stuxnet Worm that spreads extensively searching for exact SCADA applications and systems, supposedly attackin g Iran’s Natanz nuclear arrangement, allegedly reasoning 1,000 centrifuges to spin out of control (Swan, 2012; Fidler, 2011; Rebane, 2011). Moreover, these above stated different vulnerabilities could have taken place due to some of the reasons (Swan, 2012; Fidl

Mill and Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Mill and Rawls - Essay Example The essay will compare and contrast accounts of justice in relation to John Rawls and John Mill. Rawls’s book attracted much attention than any other book published in the 20th century. Although the basic model used in constructing the theory seems simple, limitations associated with its scope in addition to the supporting arguments are complex. For instance, Rawls talks about an ideal theory for an orderly society though it has strict compliance. According to Rawls, this is of great help to the society since it helps criticize injustice in the society (Rawls 8). Due to this, Rawls goes ahead to provide principles that help criticize societal injustices. Rawls states that his main objective is coming up with a theory of justice, which will act as an alternative to utilitarian thoughts (Rawls 22). Due to this, not only does he present an alternative theory but also but also criticism that comes along with utilitarianism. The utilitarian theory presented by Rawls comprises of tw o principles; each person ought to have equal rights irrespective of their gender or race when it comes to matters of liberty. Second, both economic and social inequalities ought to be arranged in a manner that they are of benefit to everyone in addition to them being accessible to all (Rawls 60). Later on Rawls further restates the second principle by claiming that inequalities ought to be the greatest benefits especially at least advantaged persons. The basic liberties Rawls addresses in this theory are that citizens should not only have equal liberties but also political in addition to freedom of speech and owning property. Conversely, Mill believed in these liberties, this is because he also argued about them in his book, On Liberty. In my opinion, Mill’s account of justice is better than Rawls’.

TuneCore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TuneCore - Essay Example This means that tune core do not charge a portion of the sales which can be expressed as a percentage. The artists then keep for themselves all earnings they get from all the online stores. TuneCore also offer publishing services to make sure that artists get compensations properly when any of their music is used on the web. This publishing administration is however, available for $75 fee which is paid once. Then the artists are able to access the Content ID on YouTube and many artists through these services have succeeded a lot especially in the YouTube marketplace to market and sell their videos (TuneCore Blog 2013). These artists working with TuneCore are able to earn a lot of royalties from their music downloads and music streams. This has led to expansion of TuneCore revenue base and general marketing and music distribution. Schwartz (2013) says that tapping into INDmusic was a great advantage to TuneCore in expanding its business and increasing the number of their retail customers; that is the number of artists. The company was then able to collect revenue from advertisements on YouTube on behalf of their artists. TuneCore was able to help their artists put their music in other forms like movies and in shows in various televisions. Following this, there was a remarkable increase in royalties from publishing. Currently, the network of INDmusic covers a number of artists not less than 270. These artists then get the opportunity to utilize the reach of INDmusic and be able to pick up their personal visibility. With high demand generated by TuneCore’s services, their artists are able to collect royalties from several digital downloads and streams. What the artists have to do is write their songs and do a recording of them which later upload in audio form. This audio form of the song is then send to the various digital stores of music where fans of the artists can access and buy the song.

Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Ethics - Case Study Example ethics of the professional standards which permits her to prevent bias, undue influence and conflict of interests of others to override business judgments or professionals. The stakeholders that will be affected by the unethical decision which may arise following the request made by Mr. Rashid, the managing director, includes the customers, the investors, the business partners and shareholders. The stakeholders deserve to be told the truth pertaining to the performance of the business (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). This can only be done if the correct, honest and accurate figures are recorded. Maryam Mohammed should refer the managing director to relevant regulations and laws that are against such an action. She should tell Mr. Rashid that the action is against the code of ethics in the accountant profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She has a professional obligation of ensuring that honesty and accuracy is done and she should not be involved in actions that discredit her profession. Maryam should be able to report the unethical issue to the company’s audit and financial committee or her supervisor at the place of work. A professional accountant has an obligation of preventing undue influence, conflict of interest as well as bias of others to override business judgment or profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She should do follow up to ensure that the Managing director is punished. Ethics can be defined as the discipline that deals with what is bad or good and with moral obligations and duty. Accounting is the process that involves describing the business processes in numbers. The bookkeeping numbers of a company’s accounting records should be accurate and honest in order to be considered ethical. Ethical dilemmas in accounting entail a supervisor directing a subordinate to interfere with the actual financial figures. Accuracy and honesty are the ethical issues in accountings. Accountants as well as bookkeepers have an obligation of ensuring information is

Future Prospects for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Research Paper

Future Prospects for the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies - Research Paper Example Later, Behring suggested that active immunity could be produced in humans by a combination of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin serum (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992). However, it was Paul Ehrlich whose work made it possible to produce antiserum to diphtheria toxin on a mass scale. The side chain theory of toxicity was proposed by Ehrlich, according to which, â€Å"toxins mediated their effects on cells through preformed protein side chains and immunity arose because of overproduction of these side chains† (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992.) Cà ©sar Milstein and Georges Kà ¶hler, in 1975, managed to produce in vitro "custom-built" antibodies. They produced a hybridoma by fusing rodent antibody-producing cells with tumor cells from mice bone marrow. A hybridoma, provided with the correct nutrients, can grow indefinitely and divide to produce monoclonal antibodies (antibodies of a single type), on a large scale (Saldanha, 2000.) Five classes of immunoglobulin (Ig) are found in mammals: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. In some select mammals, IgG and IgA are further subdivided into subclasses (isotypes) due to polymorphisms in the heavy chain (Lipman et al, 2005). The prototype antibody is IgG, which is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 150000 Dalton. The molecule has a Y shaped structure, consisting of two identical heavy chain-light chain heterodimers, that is linked together by a disulfide bridge. While the heavy chain comprises three constant immunoglobulins (Ig) domains and one variable (V) domain, the light chains consist of a single constant Ig domain and a single variable domain. The host defense mechanism is initiated by the antigen binding site (Fab) and the Fc region (fragment crystallizable) site (Llewelyn, Hawkins, Russell, 1992.) In order to effectively bind a wide range of antigens, there are numerous mechanisms which come into play.

Causes and Effects of Workplace Romances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Workplace Romances - Essay Example However, office romances have scores of negative implications at the workplace. First, office romances lead to sexual harassment and discrimination. At times, the employers discriminate other employees, who have a negative perception about office romances. Secondly, romances at the office may lead to favoritism. This is where the employers and managers favor the partners in romantic relationships while neglecting other employees. In many instances, the demands of some people are prioritized, rather than prioritizing demands of all the employees. Thirdly, romances at the office lead to distraction. The workers involved in a romantic relationship at the office have minute focus and concentration on their job. Apparently, they concentrate on propagating their romantic relations, rather than facing the ostensible task. This may lead to dismal performance, as the job is not a priority in such places. Fourthly, romances at the workplace may have an effect on the morale of other workers. Fo r example, envy from other employees may affect the working relations at the workplace. In conclusion, romances at the office are prevalent. Many people are involved due to various causative factors. Family life, environment, and personal interests initiate romances at the office. However, a number of effects can be cited. This includes unprofessional conduct, lowered productivity due to distraction and envy among workers. Although romances at the office can enhance working relations between two people, the negative effects are dire.

Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Ethics - Case Study Example ethics of the professional standards which permits her to prevent bias, undue influence and conflict of interests of others to override business judgments or professionals. The stakeholders that will be affected by the unethical decision which may arise following the request made by Mr. Rashid, the managing director, includes the customers, the investors, the business partners and shareholders. The stakeholders deserve to be told the truth pertaining to the performance of the business (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). This can only be done if the correct, honest and accurate figures are recorded. Maryam Mohammed should refer the managing director to relevant regulations and laws that are against such an action. She should tell Mr. Rashid that the action is against the code of ethics in the accountant profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She has a professional obligation of ensuring that honesty and accuracy is done and she should not be involved in actions that discredit her profession. Maryam should be able to report the unethical issue to the company’s audit and financial committee or her supervisor at the place of work. A professional accountant has an obligation of preventing undue influence, conflict of interest as well as bias of others to override business judgment or profession (Amat & Gowthorpe, 2013). She should do follow up to ensure that the Managing director is punished. Ethics can be defined as the discipline that deals with what is bad or good and with moral obligations and duty. Accounting is the process that involves describing the business processes in numbers. The bookkeeping numbers of a company’s accounting records should be accurate and honest in order to be considered ethical. Ethical dilemmas in accounting entail a supervisor directing a subordinate to interfere with the actual financial figures. Accuracy and honesty are the ethical issues in accountings. Accountants as well as bookkeepers have an obligation of ensuring information is

Causes and Effects of Workplace Romances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Workplace Romances - Essay Example However, office romances have scores of negative implications at the workplace. First, office romances lead to sexual harassment and discrimination. At times, the employers discriminate other employees, who have a negative perception about office romances. Secondly, romances at the office may lead to favoritism. This is where the employers and managers favor the partners in romantic relationships while neglecting other employees. In many instances, the demands of some people are prioritized, rather than prioritizing demands of all the employees. Thirdly, romances at the office lead to distraction. The workers involved in a romantic relationship at the office have minute focus and concentration on their job. Apparently, they concentrate on propagating their romantic relations, rather than facing the ostensible task. This may lead to dismal performance, as the job is not a priority in such places. Fourthly, romances at the workplace may have an effect on the morale of other workers. Fo r example, envy from other employees may affect the working relations at the workplace. In conclusion, romances at the office are prevalent. Many people are involved due to various causative factors. Family life, environment, and personal interests initiate romances at the office. However, a number of effects can be cited. This includes unprofessional conduct, lowered productivity due to distraction and envy among workers. Although romances at the office can enhance working relations between two people, the negative effects are dire.

Applying Branding Techniques Essay Example for Free

Applying Branding Techniques Essay Introduction The Brand Techniques simulation is based on cosmetic company’s building of a new brand. Ca’Shara is a United States based cosmetic manufacturer and marketer of skin care, hair care, and make-up. Ca’Shara has an established brand presence and known for quality products. The recent consumer interest in natural products has made Ca’Shara management decide to cater to this segment of the cosmetic market. The company has decided on a 5,000 year old health care system from India called Ayurveda. As the newly appointed Brand Manager, I will be responsible for building the new brand Three executives gave their expert advice in the decision making process throughout the simulation exercise. They were Tina Trotter, Head of Sales; Monique Knight, Brand Consultant; and Jim Reding, Country Manager. Perceptual Map The simulation give the psychographic profile of the Ayurvedic customer as Caucasian to African American, age 18-35 with an income of $50,000 or higher. The consumer survey shows the customer base largely holistic and classy with a combined 55%. Meaning they like the natural base products and exclusive products. The principles of Ayurveda are explained as the Three Doshas. This is important to understand because it shows the three skin types the new brand will target. This will be dry, oily, and irritable. The brand position choice made was high on both holistic and classy and titled Enduring Secrets from the East. This was incorrect. The correct choice was high holistic and low classy. Correct title is Perfect balance, mind and body. The reason for the choice was because of the psychographic percentages only contained a slim difference in weighted value. I didn’t realize this choice meant the brand would need to carve out a new niche instead of competing against another company’s products. The choice made meant the perception of the product would be set as a lofty, unreachable goad of  perfect in every way alleviating all concerns and possible disadvantages. Brand Name, Logo, Slogan Two choices were made correctly using the focus group information. The brand name chosen was Natural Balance because it aligned with the brand positioning. Logo number 2 was chosen because of the market survey’s information. The logos green color and curves match the preferences of the focus groups. The shape gives the feel of feminine soft. The slogan of A Return to Nature was chose, but was not the best choice as it was similar to a competitor’s slogan. This choice doesn’t allow the brand to stand alone and differentiate itself in the market. It could dilute the brands identity. According to Cron.com the choosing of a name, logo, and slogan are nearly as important as the products sold. â€Å"If you choose your name and logo well, they will stay in your customers minds and remind them of the value your company offers. In fact, a well-chosen name and logo can help you to stand out amount the competition. Your customers will instantly think of your memorable business name and logo whenever they are in the market for your products or services.† For this very reason, the slogan that is similar to another like product is a grave error. Brand Associations- The Final Look Now we are down to choosing the brand associations. Who will promote and what events or causes will be align our brand with? The focus groups chose Maria Switzer as the spokesperson. They also pointed to two functions of interest, Partner with GreenEco and providing grants to women’s trust funds. These choices used $27,300 of the allotted $34,000. Total cost of these choices is $327,000 and under budget. It makes sense for a product that is built around natural ingredients to be associated with an environmental group like GreenEco. It also shows the company’s long term commitment to the environment. The choice of providing grants to women’s trust funds is a choice that gives back to the community in a broad spectrum. The customer base can see where they may see benefit locally for the dollars they’ve spent. The choice of Maria Switzer was that of a strong, independent female with her own sense of style. The public’s view of longevity is associated with this individual’s unique persona. Beyond the Simulation The simulation was good about applying the principles of brand positioning, but there are more ways to make your product stand out among similar brands. One additional aspect is to show ownership. The simulation had a spokesperson picked, but customers like to be able to identify an owner. This is true for large and small company’s ability to stand out from the competition. Knowing the face behind the product is important to keeping the consumer engaged. Per the SBA, â€Å"Businesses really thrive when the energy of the owner is there.† A good example was Steve Jobs involvement with Microsoft. Small businesses can equally benefit from the consumer having a face behind the product or service. It lets people know the owner is involved and active with the business. Another way to have stood out was not only the shape of the container, but to have the container recyclable, biodegradable, or refillable would have been a good aspect to have. This would further appeal to the profile of being environmentally friendly and support the GreenEco cause the brand is supporting. The brand in the simulation, Ayurveda, immediately had a sense of well-being and soothing associated with the brand. Not only is it not irritating to the individual’s skin, but the environment too. The brand was immediately associated with everything â€Å"green† in today’s society. Service vs. Tangible product Had the simulation used a service instead of a tangible product application there would have been no real difference. A brand is in the minds of the consumer. It is setting or understanding their perception of the product or service offered. Conclusion The simulation was an excellent tool in learning and applying the branding techniques. It was only after wrong decisions were made and explained, that I understood why they were incorrect. At that point they seem obviously wrong. Making sure to use the differences of a product or service is the key to finding a niche and making a product stand out among the masses. References Chron, retrieved March 9, 2014 from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/choose-company-name-logo-2348.html SBA retrieved March 9, 2014 from http://www.sba.gov/community/blogs/10-tips-help-you-build-and-grow-stand-out-small-business-brand

Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay

Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. He was one of the famous classical composers of all time. He was also known as a pianist. Beethoven composed 32 piano sonatas for the piano. One of the piano sonatas that will be analyzed in this thesis is the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 which is named as Pathetique. Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798. This piece was dedicated to Prince Karl Lichnowsky. This piano sonata has three movements. This sonata was the earliest Beethoven sonatas to be famous and this sonata was first published in Vienna, Austria. The first movement, Grave, then Allegro molto con brio, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. According to Elterlein, E. V. (1920), This movement portrays his characteristics, a lifelike picture of manly, painful, earnest and passionate emotion. Here and there, fire breaks out, in a marked rhythm, but only to be immediately quenched. There are several modulations in this movement which are from c minor to eƆ¦ minor to Db major to f minor and back to c minor. The second movement, Adagio cantabile, the key signature is Ab major and the time signature is in 3/4 time. Elterlein, E. V. (1920) also said that this movement is much more peaceful than the first movement and is well expressed in the sustained singing theme. The third movement, Rondo allegro, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. It gives completeness to the whole. The author also said that The storm which swept through the soul in the first movement has subsided. This movement ends with a satisfactory conclusion. This piano sonata portrays Beethovens emotions and characteristics when he was composing this piano sonata. 1.2 Background of Study Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770. He died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. During that time, there were two great composers who were still living which were Mozart and Haydn. Music at that time was the form of entertainment for many people. But in this modern era, music still remains as one of the form of entertainment too. According to Knight, F. (1973), the author said He is also known as a German composer of Flemish descent. He is the son and grandson of musicians at the court of the Elector of Cologne at Bonn. His grandfather, Louise van Beethoven was a court musician in Bonn in 1733 but eventually became the Kapellmeister but his grandfather spent most of his time running a wine business. Johann, his son, Beethovens father was a teacher and a singer at a chapel. He was an alcoholic. He married Beethovens mother, Maria Magdalena in 1767. Ludwig van Beethoven was their second child because their first child died in infancy. His grandfather died when he was three years old. His father taught him to play the harpsichord and the violin just as soon as Beethoven fingers were long enough to play the instruments. His father wanted him to be the next Mozart. So he made him practice hard. Beethovens did not have a happy childhood. When he was eight years old, he started lessons with other teachers besides his father. C.G. Neefe was the court organist and a composer. He was the best teacher to Beethoven from 1779 to 1782 because he taught him to play Bachs forty-eight Preludes and Fugues and composition. He was appointed as court organist when he was about thirteen years old. In 1787, Beethoven went to Vienna, Austria for the first time and it was not a long visit because he had to get back to Bonn to see his mother who was seriously ill. He was so depress when she died. After his mothers death, his home was never well managed and Beethoven always looked untidy. When he was seventeen years old, Beethoven had to look after his family because his father was in a wretched state. Part of his salary was given to Beethoven and this made life easier for Beethoven and his brothers. The van Breuning family is close friends of Beethoven throughout his life. His violin teacher, Franz Anton Reis and the young Count Waldstein helped him in various ways. Beethoven was also very fortunate to have an Elector who loved to spend his time listening to music. Bonn had been invaded by the French armies in 1794. In 1792, Beethoven left Bonn for the last time and he never returned. He travelled to Vienna, Austria. It was also possible that he went to Vienna after being persuaded by Haydn. After arriving in Vienna, Beethoven realized that Vienna has a different musical atmosphere. In Vienna there are more churches, theatres and court compared to Bonn. They are attended by the citys large population. He was busy studying for some years in composition because he always found composing hard and stressful. According to Sadie, S. (1967), the author said that among the earliest of his compositions which are still played today are the three piano sonatas, Op.2, which he dedicated to Haydn. In these we can see how this strong-willed, defiant young mans personality comes out in his music. After completing the Piano Concerto in B flat, he left Vienna for a few months due to a tour. He went to musical centres of Europe which were Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Budapest and Pressburg. During his journey, he met Prince Lichnowsky who became one of his greatest friends and was also travelling with him. He dedicated one of his finest piano sonatas to Prince Lichnowsky, the Pathetique. In 1798, he started to lose his hearing. He was becoming deaf which is the most painful and terrible fate for a musician. The deafness did not stop him from composing because he had his perfect inner ear as he was a trained and skilled musician. He could hear the sound just by looking at the score. In 1799 and 1800 were the years that he realized that his hearing was deteriorating. He only told two of his closest friends, Franz Wegeler and Karl Amenda of his sickness. He tried various treatments but they all seemed to make him feel worse. Beethovens musical style began to change. There are three periods which can be seen in his life and works. As he was in his thirties, his music began to acquire new and deeper qualities. This was the middle period. His career can be divided into three periods which are the classic period models, the revolutionary pieces which expanded the music vocabulary and compositions which are written in a unique way with elements of contrapuntal, variations and with complete freedom. His pieces became longer, deeper and more expressive. In his last years, he had to carry all his conversations in writing because he became completely deaf by that time. 1.3 Literature Review A few textbooks about music theory were read in order to understand the field of the research. After reading a few of them, it can be seen that a few books say some things which are similar and some things which are different. For example, Willson, R. B. (2009) textbook titled An Introduction to Music Studies gave a brief introduction about music theory and analysis. The book talks about analysis that can be helpful for the performers, it can help us develop our listening skills, give us a mental representation of music and try to understand what the composers did in the past. Theory on the other hand provides a framework for analysis but it did not explain about the analysis of form and rhythm like the other book which is the Dale, C. (2003). The book which was written by Dale, C. (2003) titled Music Analysis in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, talks about musical analysis of form and rhythm. In the analysis of form chapter, the author explains about ternary and bi nary forms. This chapter also explains on how two of these forms create a larger form such as sonata and rondo. Both these books are helpful in this thesis because it helped in identifying the forms and teaches a person to analyze a score but the Dale, C. (2003) book did not describe about how to develop our listening skills or give us a mental representation of music and also how to understand what the composers did in the past. Another textbook which is Kostka, S. Payne, D. C. (1984) titled Tonal Harmony: With an Introduction to Twentieth Century Music is about music theory and harmony. The authors said that Harmony is defined as the sound that results when two or more pitches are performed simultaneously. It is the vertical aspect of music, produced by the combination of the components of the horizontal aspect. It also describes the elements of pitch and rhythm. It also introduces and teaches us triads, seventh chords, diatonic chords in major and minor keys, voice leading notes, 4 part writing, harmonic progression, non-chord tones, diatonic seventh chords, augmented sixths, neapoliton chords, binary and ternary forms, modulation techniques and enharmonic modulations. However, this textbook did not discuss about the Sonata form, slow movement form and the Rondo form which will be used throughout this entire thesis. But this book can be use as a reference to understand the basics of theory music. A book from Caplin, W. E. (1998) titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven contains all the information which is needed for this thesis. This book explained about the sonata form in one chapter which consists of the exposition, development and recapitulation. Then there is the slow movement form in another chapter in the book which is usually found in a piano sonatas second movement such as the Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique and it is also known to combine the transition and subordinate theme or can also reduce the size of the development section. Then there is a chapter explaining the rondo form too in the book such as the rondo form is known to have two main types which are the five part rondo and the sonata rondo. The ones that will be used in the thesis are the sonata form, slow movement form and the sonata rondo form to analyze the piano sonata in this thesis. However there are other books which also contains the same information as this book but there are still some differences between them. Green, D. M. (1979) titled Form in Tonal Music: An Introduction to Analysis wrote a book about an introduction to analysis. The author also discusses about the sonata form which is what this thesis wants. The author also told some history about how the sonata form came to being such as the term sonata was usually used for works performed by one or two players only. Then the sonata form was explain just like the book written by Caplin, W. E. (1998) in his chapter of sonata form because Green, D. M. (1979) also explained about the sonata form which must have the exposition, development and recapitulation sections in order to form a sonata form in a piano sonata. He also said that it is usually in the first movement of the piano sonata. His book On the other hand, Rosen, C. (1988) titled Sonata Forms also wrote about the sonata form and said that the first movement sonata form is one of the most complex and very organized series of forms due to the eighteenth century composers who had the tendency to put a great weight on the opening movement which often results to most dramatic structures. The author only briefly explained the sonata form unlike in the books of Caplin, W. E. (1998) and Green, D. M. (1979) but it also helped in giving some information for this thesis. It was easier to understand and the explanation of the sonata form was shorter than the other two books which are mentioned. Schoenberg, A. (1967) titled Fundamentals of Musical Composition also discusses about those forms such as Sonata form consists of three large scales of functions which are the exposition, developments, and recapitulations. Slow movements are constructed in conventional sonata form. There are a few types of rondo forms such as ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA. But most of the time it can be situated in one of the two main categories which is the five part rondo (ABACA) and the sonata rondo (ABACABA). He did not discuss about the slow movement form which is also going to be used in this thesis in chapter three. There are books which gives descriptions on what the piano sonata sounds like by describing it like a story and what the mood is like in the piece. Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: Explained for the Lovers of the Musical Art by Elterlein, E. V. (1920) book describe about the piano sonata like a story. For example, the author describes the first movement by writing that it is one of the composers primary character and when the allegro molto con brio starts the author said that it was like a lava stream that burst out of its bound and charges to the front which no one is able to stop it. The description was very story like and it was easy to understand the mood of the movements in the piano sonata. Fischer, E. (1959) writes about his opinion about this piano sonata in his Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: A Guide for Students Amateurs. The author said that the first movement of this piano sonata is like a symphonic work and the last movement is not suitable with the first two. But the second movement was perfect. Dimond, P. (1995) book titled The Art of Beethoven: Volume I is about the piano sonata that is going to be analyzed in this thesis. The first movement starts with Grave, then Allegro molto con brio. It begins in the key of c minor and the time signature is 4/4 time. The second movement is Adagio cantabile. It begins in the key of Ab major and the time signature is 3/4 time. The third movement is a Rondo. It begins in Rondo Allegro and is back in c minor. The time signature is 4/4 time. The book also contains a brief analysis of the three movements of the piano sonata. These books are somewhat similar to one another but also at the same time different because although the y are describing the same piano sonata they describe it in their own way. However, Kreskys book only has some movements of certain piano sonatas which he had analyze. Tonal Music: Twelve Analytic Studies by Kresky, J. (1977) only analyze the second movement of the piano sonata in this thesis. This book is also very useful in chapter three because in this research there is an analysis for the second movement of this piano sonata. Lives of the Great Composers which was written by a few authors but Latham, P. (1943) wrote on a chapter of Beethoven in the book. It is about Beethovens life. It is a biography book about when the composer was born and where he was born. The author also explains the composers life in Bonn, who were his music teacher, when he went to Vienna and stayed there and until he died. Other books which are similar to Latham, P. (1943) book are Solomon, M. (1978) titled Beethoven which also describes about the composers life, The Great Composers: Beethoven written by Sadie, S. (1967), The Master Musicians: Beethoven written by Scott, M. M. (1934), The Stream of Music written by Leonard, R. A. (1967), Thayers Life of Beethoven: Volume I written by Krehbiel, H. (1949), Beethoven: Biography of a Genius written by Merek, G. R. (1969), and Beethoven and the Age of Revolution written by Knight, F. (1973). These books are mostly about Ludwig van Beethovens life, personality, hardships, romance, when he started losing his hearing and when his works were composed. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and he died in Vienna, Austria on the 26th March 1827. He was a man who gets angry easily, untidy, and difficult to understand. He wrote 32 piano sonatas, 9 symphonies, and so on. He composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798 and it was during that time that he noticed he was going deaf. He had a few very close friends and they stayed by his side even though sometimes there are conflicts between them. All these biography books were read in order to understand Beethoven and his music. After reading all of them, it became easier to understand Beethovens characteristics and how his music evolved through the years. In this thesis, Taub, R. (2002) book helped a lot. His book title is Playing the Beethoven Piano Sonatas. It is one of the performance practice books that are found in the University of Malayas main library. He wrote about his opinion on how he thinks this piano sonata should be interpreted. For example, he said that in order to play and effective fp the pianist should depress the keys fast to create forte, then immediately allows the sound to rise so that the sound can be immediately become soft. This information from the author is very helpful in this thesis in chapter four. The piano is the main instrument which is used most in this thesis because the analysis of this thesis is related to the piano. The Pianoforte written by Clutton, C. (1969) is a small chapter from a book titled Musical Instruments through the Ages which is edited by Anthony Baines. The chapter explains about the history of the piano about how it was created and who first created it. The piano was later developed a lot during the classical period. The piano became well known after Mozart started composing music for the piano in the 1770s. Another two similar books which is about the piano are The Piano: A History by Ehrlich, C. (1976) and Keyboard Interpretation: from the 14th to the 19th Century by Ferguson, H. (1975). The touch, fingering, tones, musical types and forms, and pianist problems are very important and must be solved in order to interpret the music successfully. This is related to one of the objectives in this thesis because over the years the piano is always being devel oped in the 18th century until now. So a brief history of the piano should be included in this thesis so that everyone who read this thesis can understand how the piano was made and why different pianos create different sounds. Pedalling techniques are sometimes different on the pianos that the pianists are playing. It will be discussed further in chapter four. 1.4 Objectives There are a few objectives which need to be achieved in doing this topic besides fulfilling my graduation requirement which are: To examine the performance practice of Beethovens early/ middle/ late sonata on todays grand piano but this thesis will only focus on one of his early piano sonata. To analyze the movements and the way it should be played on todays grand piano because during the time of Beethoven, they used a different style and technique to approach this piano sonata. This thesis will help the readers who read this to play the piano sonata if they are having difficulty in understanding how it should be played. To analyze the recording of a few musicians playing this piano sonata whether they are playing similarly or different than what it is written on the score and also to see which pianist piano playing is best to be learnt from. Comparing the urtext edition score and another publisher score to see which version is best. 1.5 Methodology The method that will be applied in this research is mainly on researching secondary resources, surfing through the internet and visiting the libraries which can be gain accessed and permission. In order to understand the field that is chosen, a lot of secondary resources is needed which are books, articles from journals, e journals and thesis. Those secondary resources helped picked the topic and title for this thesis. By going to the University of Malayas main library and also borrowed some of the lecturers books, it can be found that a book titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven by William Earl Caplin are very useful for this thesis. There is also an article titled The Paradox of Musical Analysis from the Journal of Music Theory which was written by Mark DeBellis which was found in the University of Malayas main library in the journal section. This article gave a brief idea on how the thesis should begin and h ow to start the musical analysis. All the methods which were mentioned will be carried out towards the end of the research because getting more information is very important for this research. The books in the University of Malayas main library also have many biography books of the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven which is in the research. Books which were written by Knight, F., Latham, P., Solomon, M., Sadie, S., Scott, M.M., Leonard, R.A., Krehbiel, H., Merek, G.R. and others all talked about Beethovens life, hardships, compositions that he composed, challenges that he faced and his sickness. The books had many different styles in describing his life, hardships, compositions and challenges. These books can help in the thesis while it is being done because they are like guide books of Beethovens life on what he had done and achieved. Books which are related to performance practice are also used in this thesis are also found in the University of Malayas main library. A book which was written by Taub, R. was about how to play the Beethovens sonata. This book interprets how a Beethoven sonata should be played by the author. A book which was written by Ferguson, H. and Marshall, R. L. will also be used for this thesis. All these books are related to what is being analyzed in this thesis. After finding all the secondary resources for data and understanding them which are related to the thesis, the topic and title of the thesis can now begin analyzing. The scores which are taken from two types of publications will be analyzed. The first analysis is by analyzing the piano sonatas movements such as modulations, dynamics, articulations, pedal points and others. The second analysis is by comparing both editions of the scores which are from different publications to see whether there are similarities or differences. The third analysis is to analyze a video of a pianist who uses one of those editions in interpreting his or her playing of the Beethoven piano sonata on the grand piano. In order to get information for the research, there are many sources that can be access easily through the internet. For example, the JSTOR database and MUSE database. These websites can be accessed for references and articles from journals for the research. With the use of internet, it is also possible to purchase a book through the internet in amazon.com that cannot possibly be purchase in any of Malaysias bookstores. There are books which are sometimes not available in Malaysia because the bookstores in Malaysia did not order them. It is also because those books are not so suitable to everyone. The books are usually bought by musicians and people who want to gain more music knowledge. The internet can also be use to view videos of famous pianist playing the piano sonata. The videos can be easily viewed in Youtube.com. By observing them through the videos, a comparison can be made on which pianist plays the piano sonata better and also which edition of the score is being interprete d the most. All these will be done in chapter two, three and four. A CD will be provided with this thesis for this piano sonata. The CD contains two pianists who play the same piano sonata which is Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique.

Norman Schwarzkopf :: essays research papers

Norman Schwarzkopf Norman Schwarzkopf and I are alike in many ways. He and I both have family in Germany. His father lives in Germany and my great grandparents live in Germany. He served in Vietnam and so did my grandfather. Norman and I also have many differences. His family has a popular military background and my family does not. He lived his whole life through the military and I am not going to do that. Norman also followed in his father’s footsteps that I am also not going to do. Now you see how many ways Norman and I are alike and different. Norman has accomplished many tasks in his lifetime, which I have not gotten a chance to yet. Norman Schwarzkopf got an education at West Point Military School and at Valley Forge Military Academy in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Valley Forge is a historic place known for its forces in the American Revolution. Almost all of Norman's family joined the military. His dad was in the military all of his life just as Norman was. The Schwarzkopfs are very well known in the military. Norman Schwarzkopf made many life choices in his military career. First, he chose to join the military following his father’s footsteps. Second, he chose to go to Valley Forge because the school he was attending, West Point, only taught students up to the tenth grade. One of his most important choices was in Vietnam. One of his fellow soldiers was shot and he carried him to safety when Norman already had four gun shot wounds in him. He was awarded three silver stars and controlled the air, ground, and water forces. I think anyone interested in joining the military, is currently in the military, or is just interested in these kinds of books, should read this biography by Libby Hughes. Others should think that Norman is a hero and that he should be widely known.

Free College Admissions Essays - MS Will Not Kill My Dream :: College Admissions Essays

MS Will Not Kill My Dream My story with MS began on December 4, 1999. I arrived at school as usual that cold winter morning feeling pretty good, a little tired, but other wise ok. Upon parking my car and opening the door to get out my right arm went to "sleep." I was totally blown away by it. How bizarre I thought to myself and just sat there a moment trying to figure out what possibly could be wrong with my arm. The next two days brought no relief and if anything it seemed to be getting more intense. My WHOLE arm was asleep and I just couldn't understand it. I visited a chiropractor a couple of days later and she said I was dehyrdrated and that my nervous system was under attack. Little did I know! I became increasingly concerned as the days passed and just couldn't buy what everyone was telling me, that I had a pinched nerve. I just knew it was something more and it was! I found a doctor about two weeks later and by that time my right hand was barely useable and the right side of my face, head and chest had also gone numb. I was scared to death! This doctor was wonderful and immediatly ran tests, sent me to a specialist, (neurologist) and spent hours with me examining me and trying to figure out just what could be wrong with me! MS never crossed my mind. A nurse of over ten years I have taken care of only ONE MS patient, a lady in her 90's! MS just didnt occur to me. After several visits to the neurologist, MRI, spinal tap and a slew of blood work I was told that MS was VERY likely the culprit. I was, to say the least, devastated by this news. I cried and cried and greived over this. It was with great fortune that a lady I worked with became extremly helpful to me during this time and prayed for me, listened to me and on more than one occasion, let me cry on her shoulder. On March 4, 2000 I visited a MS specialist at Dartmouth Hitchcock Hospital in Lebanon N.H. and he made it official that it was MS and immediatly started me on Avonex. At this point I had researched the disease endlessly, somewhat come to terms with this awful fate and began to think more positively.

Diversion Program Essay

No particular scheme can pay for the assortment of diversion programs required to successfully interject in the imprisonment and detention of individuals with recurring conditions. Most specifically, when an assortment of methods is overstretched in its efforts to identify a favorable diversion resource, every proposed process typically declares funding deficiency to its fellow method, thus initiating the bureaucratic back and forth in constructing the crucial choice of services for the diversion planning. Ultimately, every projected diversion program must convey the resources that will be accessible for mutual endeavors. Additionally, resources should not be limited to quantifiable dollars, but contain workforce time, space and the agreement in changing policies and procedures that preclude amalgamation and efficient diversion programs. Uncompromising and rigid state and federal funding issues offer many hurdles to the vital assimilation of amenities offered towards individuals with substance use conditions and mental health disorders who are implicated in the criminal justice system. For decades, jail diversion programs have been looked upon as a humanitarian resolution for individuals with mental disorders, in diverting individuals from prison to community-based mental health treatment thus benefiting the public, criminal justice system, and the individual. In general, money from categorical funding has been focused towards suppliers, particularized populations, and facilities with no known cohesive approach in providing and funding services needed for individuals with re-occurring disorders who could be diverted from incarceration. Specific traits of civic service organizations signify that an incremental budgeting process suits comfortably to the overall public funding structure of diversion programs. States, cities and towns, are frequently multifaceted, large and satisfy an assortment of tasks in diverse policies within its regions. Resolutions can, nevertheless, occasionally be decided instantly; allowing acceptance in the dissemination of most expenditures thus concentrating on abnormalities from the present arrangement. At time, the existing social service background is scarcely beneficial to funding costly systems amalgamation plans and prison diversion programs. Customarily taxpayers’ feelings have endorsed an increased disbursement of limited public capitals to supply and construct  additional prisons more willingly than providing community-based treatment facilities or diversion programs that could aid individuals within the public sector. Community-Based Organizations (Non-Profit) Diversion Programs have been an integrate part of Community-Based Organizations, as it benefits juveniles in obtaining physical, communal, emotional, and academic success while developing their behavior and lifestyle. In recent years, the disturbing growth of juvenile apprehension has produced a concern, as this increase has caused individuals to consider programs that may deter youths from being part of the juvenile court system. Today, efforts have been made to invest in diversion program by the notion that these programs may have the ability to reduce recidivism, control overpopulation in prison and provide youth with alternative methods of rehabilitation. Most recently, the State of Ohio has implemented many intervention and diversion programs to intervene and divert youth. The â€Å"Youth Men and Women for Change (YMWFC)† and the â€Å"Peace in the Hood Program† are two prominent programs within communities of Ohio. In 2006, The YMWFC program was created by Mr. Sha wn Mahone Sr. with the purpose of providing youth with organized and educational training to transform their lives. Upon reviewing juvenile delinquency statistics, Mr. Mahone began to realize many juveniles were not reaching their full potential due to lack of direction, support, and discipline (YMWFC, 2006). The program is based on the belief that youth can transform their lives in becoming a useful participant of the general public with the proper tools, resources and understanding. Another program that has been instrumental within the community operated out of Cleveland, Ohio developed by Brother Samad and Omar Ali-Bey in the 1990’s (The Peace in the Hood, n.d.). The project he program was inspired as another way of addressing the serious problems that face the youth in our communities. Peace in the Hood continues its involvement in Ohio and the nation as a founding member of the International Council for Urban Peace, Justice and Empowerment (Peace in the Hood, n.d.). Bond Issuance and Grants Towards the conclusion of the year, budget numbers are linked with concrete outcomes and a pretentious genuine-budget variance contrast is designed. Variance outcomes are typically used for revising monetary amounts for the next planning and budgeting cycle, and also for very simple departmental performance tracking. This innovative methodology to budget analysis and utilization are several paces forward of the modern methods. For instance, a legislative project to advance the communal well-being of women in an isolated region can aid in clarifying the performance-oriented methodology. Diversion Programs can typically be organized by long-term strategies, based on the government’s decision on objectives, activities and the requirement to accomplish its goal. Let’s say, a practical way of enhancing social welfare of women in a rural area could involve rising the levels of literacy of women within the area. Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness studies could be included in the budget planning to assist in comparing the efficiency of exploring what programs could be utilized to raise the levels of literacy that will allow policymakers to achieve the largest possible result for a given level of funding. Unfortunately, the problem in recognizing effective programs is a lack of regularity in exactly how forecasters review the research, as it difficult to equate programs. Dissimilar reviewers frequently come to diverse assumptions about â€Å"what does and does not work.† Quite often they may create a diverse list of â€Å"recognized† and â€Å"auspicious† diversion programs for the reason that they focused in on unalike consequences or since they applied uncommon principles in assessing the programs. Certain reviews may purely recap the material enclosed in certain research, thus grouping each evaluation collectively in arriving to a conclusion about certain approaches or strategies that they may have defined. Such assessments are exceedingly biased, with no typical rule for selecting the evaluation or how the results should be interpreted. The bottom line is cutting diversion funding is an unreliable tactic to budget difficulties that exacerbate society’s problems, which will include long-term public safety consequences and the potential for taxpayers to shoulder the additional burden of costly prison and jail construction. Multi-Level Government Financing The U.S. Code Section 290bb–38 authorizes one-hundred twenty-five million dollars towards Indian tribes, states, and political subdivisions of states, tribal organizations functioning openly or via contracts with non-profit bodies or other public, to acquire and employ programs to divert individuals with mental illness from the criminal justice system to community-based services. The regulation goal is to ensure the collaboration of the various agencies and organizations working towards ensuring all U.S. citizens enjoy healthy and fruitful lives. Through these combined efforts, prearranged, obtainable resources can be taken full advantage thus providing the greatest assistance for every community. In the United States, they have what they called the â€Å"Second Chance Act† program which is aimed towards the reduction of recidivism among inmates. This program was proposed by a bilateral party with the House of Representatives which offered regional and state government the assets in developing transient services to inmates who will be released back into society. â€Å"The FY-14 Budget submitted by the President including a one-hundred fifteen million sustained support for the Second Chance Act program. This signifies a significant federal venture in evidence-centered strategy to enhance community protection and lessen recidivism by approving capital in the management and expansion of reentry amenities, such as mentoring, substance abuse treatment, and employment training. So far, approximately six-hundred grants have been given across the District of Columbia and forty-nine states (President’s Budget Proposes Continued Funding for Second Chance Act and Justice Reinvestment Initiative. (n.d.).† The Second Chance Act is a good first step that will provide a directional approach to a better understanding what works to increase public safety, reduce crime, and lower the recidivism rate. No matter what, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and jobs are the cures to incarceration. It is vital for adolescence to obtain help via some diversion method than authoritarian reprimand so they can acquire proper manners thus becoming a useful participant of society. Not all of the programs will be effective for all children, as such it is imperative to pair the adolescence to the applicable program. As shown, the state of Ohio compromises of  several programs that operates in a different way thus providing a dissimilar atmosphere. If youths continue to be in trouble and come across police force, the courts will regulate which program will help the youth. Studies show that Diversionary Programs is much less costly than sending a case through court. In addition, diversion gives the defendant an opportunity to compensate victims, by means of restitution orders and community service (Diversion Programs: Avoid Conviction & Trial, 2014). Activity-based budgeting is a tactic established from activity-based assessment managed in the private sector. Rather than assuming that overheads are correlated to the measurements of service or production, the procedure attempts to recognize what impels costs by connecting overheads to activities. Must every program be assessed on an equivalent foundation? â€Å"Various studies take into account merely savings within the criminal justice system, while others deem this matter more extensive; as costs should be encompassed and savings are just savings no matter where in government they arise (M. R. Gold, 1996).† This broader approach requires collecting data reflecting the effect of an intervention on all government spending. For example, the â€Å"David Olds’ Nurse Home Visiting Program,† is not solely a cost-effective as a delinquency-prevention program, however, when crime-reduction benefits both the child and mother are collective with condensed school expenses and welfare aid exceed costs by several orders of magnitude (Karoly, L. A. (1998).† Consequently, the criminal justice system has trailed fields such as medicine, engineering, environmental protection, public health, and in efforts to monetize benefits. Victim analyses offer objectively estimate of direct out-of-pocket expenditures which includes; the cost of misplaced or broken property, lost wages and medical expenses. These direct costs, nevertheless, are only a minor portion of the complete expenditures to victims levied by criminalities against individuals. The question is how to measure the indirect costs of security expenditures, controlled lifestyle, pain and suffering which can be somewhat large for some more severe criminalities. References Diversion Programs: Avoid Conviction & Trial | Nolo.com. (n.d.). Nolo.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/diversion-programs.html Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. (2007). Saving children from a life of crime: early risk factors and effective interventions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gold, M. R. (1996). Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press Peace In The Hood. (n.d.). Peace In The Hood. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://www.peaceinthehood.com/default.asp Karoly, L. A. (1998). Investing in our children what we know and don’t know about the costs and benefits of early childhood interventions. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand President’s Budget Proposes Continued Funding for Second Chance Act and Justice Reinvestment Initiative. (n.d.). CSG Justice Center. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://csgjusticecenter.org/jc/presidents-budget-proposes-continued-funding-for-second-chance-act-and-justice-reinvestment-initiative/ Cook, Philip J., and Jens Ludwig. Gun Violence: The Real Costs. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Young Men and Women for Change. (n.d.). Young Men and Women for Change. Retrieved April 26, 2014, from http://youngmenandwomenforchange.com/history.html