Quality Management

Elan employs 3 full-time workers year round and 7 seasonal employees in the summer months. Elan Management has been successful through the con injections it has with one of America's top builders, DRP Horton. DRP Horton has chosen Elan Management as one Of its go-to management communities in the Atlanta metro area. Elan does a good job of quality control in keeping the clients happy but there are several competitors in this industry and in order for the company to grow, Elan will need to implement ways to improve quality through quality planning and assurance. Robber Statement We are focused on becoming the go-to firm for other builders in the metro Atlanta area. We have deiced that we have an issue with quality planning and implementation which is needed if the company is to grow in the next few years as it would like. Elan is looking to obtain on average 3- 4 new clients per year. The current quality planning initiatives are basically non-existent. It appears to be more of a  "go with the flow' type of planning. In other words, if something comes up, then it will be handled, if not no one worries about it.This process is not sustainable for growth and the company will never gain more clientele. We need to incorporate procedures on how to build clientele and implement those procedures timely. When Elan Management opened in 2008, we had 6 clients (communities). Over the next 4 years, we gained 8 more clients. These clients were assigned to us directly by the builder of the communities. There was no effort on our part to obtain the communities. In the past 2 years, 4 of the communities have since turned over to the homeowners and we no longer manage them.The goal of all homeowner's associations is to eventually turnover to the homeowners if they are willing. If we are unable to develop better quality management skills, we will eventually have no clients and will continue to wait for DRP Horton or other builders to provide hem to us instead of us attempting to get the clients on our own. Literature Review As stated by Catalina â€Å"In the current market economy, companies are constantly struggling to achieve a sustained competitive advantage that will enable them to improve performance, which results in increased competitiveness, and of course, profit.Among the few competitive advantages that can become sustainable competitive advantages, quality plays a crucial 234) In the current state, Elan cannot compete with those top local management agencies such as Community Management Associates or All Property Management which have oratorios that is considerably larger than ours. We have to be willing to create ways to better market our company to potential clients. Although, we are able to maintain the quality with our current clients, future clients are seemingly unaware of our existence.As stated by Crosby ‘There is no such thing as a quality problem. Problems originate in functional departments. Thus, a firm may experience account ing problems, manufacturing problems, design problems, technical support problems, and so on. In Crosby view, these are all quality problems, but the burden of the responsibility for solving them falls on these national departments and not in the quality department. The role of the quality department should be to measure conformance, report results, and provide leadership and support to drive quality improvement. † (p. 3) Since Elan Management is such a small company, there is no dedicated quality department to turn to for answers on quality improvement so each individual employee in some way will need to contribute to the quality process. According to Schroeder, â€Å"Managers and employees should be trained in the quality initiatives the company has implemented. Employees should be a part of the process in developing methods to assist in getting other employees involved in quality improvement and acceptance. † (p. 6) As I stated above, since Elan doesn't have a qualit y management team, all employees should have input in the quality process.Not only will it benefit the clients that we serve but it will also increase employee morale. Although there are only 3 full-time employees, having them involved would show them that they are appreciated and their opinions are valued. According to Kenton, â€Å"the process of collaborative planning can promote networks, coordination, and buy-in that promotes implementation, even if the plan itself is not directly influential. † (p. 436) So, having a bottom-up approach and including members of the entire company is beneficial overall even if it doesn't fully result in what was expected. The quality experience process occurs when firms (alone or with customers) deliver attributes for customers to experience and customers perceive these attributes through the lens of their measurement knowledge and motivation, emotions, and expectations. † (Colder, p. 4) Incorporating ways to enhance the customer exp erience is critical. Including customers in the process through voice-of-the-customer (VOCE) analysis with customer input would be helpful. Many organizations currently invest in quality improvement programmers.However, the literature has revealed that many companies felt that the quality improvement programmers had fallen short of their expectations and that these programmers were not generating the anticipated improvements (L am, 1997). The key reason for this gap between quality improvement expectations and the realization of benefits is the absence of an effective quality planning process before its implementation (Curran and Godlier, 2000). Thus, quality planning is identified as the most significant phase in a corporate quality management process requiring ore attention. † (Generate, p. 02) As Generate states, quality plan inning is pertinent to the quality management process. Companies have to create a clear cut plan in order to become successful. In order for companies to be in a position to improve and offer a higher standard of quality, they must come up with avenues to make it happen. Analysis Elan Management's problem starts with the lack of a quality planning process. By not having a quality plan, we are not allowing ourselves to improve and go after what we want, which is increased clientele. Elan blames a lot Of its lack Of progression on the size Of he company rather than its lack of utilizing available resources.Just because the company is small does not mean that it cannot grow and be as successful as those larger management firms in the area. The owner must realize the importance of providing quality to the clients and how we have managed for this long. Clearly, we are capable since we are still in business. Although, an actually quality management department cannot be created with the amount of staff we have, it is possible to hire an expert that could lead us in the right direction. â€Å"Project management requires achieving cost, schedule, and performance arrests while providing an outcome that satisfies the client.A measure of the value of the project to the client is the level of quality associated with the completed project. â€Å"(Liberator, p. 422) For Elan, our project is simply how do we get more clients and once we get the clients how do we not only keep them but also have them to refer others to us as well. With property management, our clients are the Board of Directors for each community. If the Board feels we are doing a great job, they will be more inclined when a friend or relative gives them a horror story about their HOW management many, to let them know about us and all the things we offer that would benefit their community.Recommendations have a few recommendations for Elan Management. First, I would suggest root-cause analysis. In root-cause analysis, organizations must identify the root causes of their quality problems and fix them rather than only dealing with the symptoms of the proble ms. In order to get to the root of the problem, Six Sigma should be used. In the Analyze phase, we ask the 5 Whys to get to the root. By starting here, we begin to see what how the problem arose and leading to the next steps o resolve them.Secondly, I would suggest benchmarking which is when the company examines other like companies so they are able to take actions that will lead to performance improvement. Researching your competition is essential as you all are reaching out to the same clients. Whichever company has the better plan or more knowledgeable, better quality product or service will more than likely surpass the others. Elan needs to plan, plan, and plan in order to be successful. Allowing the company to basically move freely without structure is not going to allow Elan to receive the type of clients hey want or even gain more clients.

The Fight for Women’s Rights

Today, women have more liberty to do as they please. There are many positions in companies held by women. There was even a woman who ran for presidency in 1872. Additionally, there are many companies founded and ran by women. These show that home is not the only place for women, and they should not be tied as individuals running the house while their husbands work. The freedom that women have today cannot be possible without the events in the past that gave them identity in a society initially dominated by men. Women in the Past and Their Place in Society Time and again, people bore this thinking that women were just â€Å"a creative source of human life. † Many people considered them as forever inferior to men, creations that were under the opposite sex. Furthermore, women were constantly referred to as source of temptation. Even in other countries, women were viewed as children, meaning they would still be inferior to men. In Greek mythology, Pandora opened the box and was then responsible for all the unhappiness among mankind. This was the same viewpoint among Christians in the early times. For instance, St. Jerome believed that â€Å"Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object. † This was agreed by Thomas Aquinas, a Christian theologian who believed that the primary role of women is for conception. He further claimed that in other things, men are better assisted by their fellow men (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). The lack of women's rights has placed women in delicate situations. During the 17th century, some women were believed to be witches, and were executed. The majority, consisting of men, believed that the weaker sex was more likely to be corrupted by the devil. Interestingly, most of the women charged with witchcraft were brave or stubborn while some were childless, spinsters, or successful. These were the characters that were not in the Puritan idea of femininity (Kendall, 2001, p. 9). Furthermore, the past seen women as domestic partners, tending about the orchard, or making cheese or baking pies. Women were also serving guests and cleaning the house. Aside from numerous household chores, many of these women have many children to feed and take care of. A typical family would have twelve to thirteen children, aside from extended families. The father was seen to be the head of the family, and this belief was taken from Bible passages which says that man leads the woman. Furthermore, special emphasis was put on the role of women to be submissive on their husbands (Kendall, 2001, p. 10-11). Additionally, books were published which further strengthened the division of labor between man and woman. An author, George Savile, claimed that men were created more intelligent and logical than their counterpart. Thus, men should be the head of families, businesses, and enterprises. Also, Savile emphasized the woman's need to have a husband. And for women who were not happy with their married lives, they should just â€Å"make the best of it† (Kendall, 2001,p. -11). Many colonies had fewer unmarried women. This was because life was not easy for spinsters, or those unmarried women. For instance, they did not have many opportunities to earn. As a result, their parents or brothers or married sisters provided them with their expenses. When this happened, the unmarried women would help care for their relatives children or clean the house (Kendall, 2001, p. 11) Women also did not have liberty with money. Laws did not have provisions for women regarding owning a property or making contracts. It was the men who have the liberty to sell their possessions according to his judgment. Further, when a single woman has money, it becomes the property of her husband upon their marriage. Women lacked the legal right to the money they earned. On top of this, her belongings could be seized by creditors when his husband lacked the money to pay his debts. It was also the men's discretion to leave their properties to anyone upon their death. This power came to be called as â€Å"the apron-string hold. The only right that women have was only a one-third of their property after the death of the husband (Kendall, 2001,p. 11-12). Women in the past also did not have rights over their children. Under the law, the children were the property of the husbands. In cases when a couple divorces, the sole custody of the children is to the father. Men also have the right to grant custody of the children to anyone but their wives. In addition, laws also permitted husbands to physically discipline their wives. This means that husbands could whip their wives for as long as they want provided that the whip was not thicker than his thumb. This was known to be the â€Å"rule of thumb. † However, this was not seen as oppression against women, but instead it was an assertion of the women's right not to be beaten severely (Kendall, 2001, p. 12). Women were also considered as the weaker sex. They were thought be squeamish and unable to do heavy chores. During the preindustrial times, women were assigned to domestic chores while heavier tasks were done by men. The belief that women were the weaker sex, as seen from the division of labor, forgot to consider that domestic chores, including taking care of children and other tasks, required sustained labor. However, recent studies showed that women have greater tolerance for pain compared to men, and live longer and more resistant to some diseases (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). In opportunities for education, the provision for women came as second to that for men. During the colonial times, girls learned to read and write from dame schools. They could join schools for boys during the summer when boys were working and there were vacant seat in classrooms. Fortunately, changes were in store for the education of both sexes. The late 19th century witnessed the increase in the number of women students. There were colleges and universities founded for women, and the schools for boys also began to admit women students. By 1870, one-fifth of students from colleges and universities were women. It further increased during the early 1900s (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). In addition, the traditional role of women as child-bearers gradually changed. It used to be that people has this stereotypal opinion about women whose place is at home. As times changed, women gained freedom and a voice in choosing contraception or undergoing legalized abortion. These choices have given them greater control over how many children they wanted to bear. Despite these positive changes, women were still tied to their roles as mothers and wives. Most of them were talented but did not have freedom to pursue studying or other careers (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). In place of formal education, many young women learned things from their mothers. They were expected to learn cooking and caring for children as preparation for their future roles. During the 1960s, tests were conducted that showed the scholastic achievement of young girls as higher during the early grades. The explanation behind this finding was the decline in the girls' expectations because their families or their teachers did not expect them to prepare for a future different from marriage and motherhood. The good thing was that changes were taking place with regards to this trend (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). By the start of the 20th century, women were able to obtain undergraduate college degrees. In 1984, 49% of undergraduate degrees were by women, a sharp increase from just 19% during the onset of the century. Furthermore, more women became interested in taking graduate studies. This was further improved when, in the mid-1980s, women held 49% of masteral degrees and 33% of doctoral degrees. Moreover, women students in college comprised 53% in 1985 (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). Another area where women came as inferiors to men was at work. During the colonial times, women who earned a living were seamstresses or in charged of keeping boardinghouses. There were some women who worked men's jobs, such as doctors, preachers, writers, and lawyers, among others. At the onset of the 19th century, occupations allowed for women were either factory labor or domestic work. They were generally excluded from higher professions but were allowed to write and teach (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). Several changes took place in the following centuries. Career opportunities such as medical profession have undergone changed attitudes. Anyone could practice medicine, but obstetrics was generally a woman's domain. Unfortunately, the educational preparation needed for this profession increased, limiting some women to further pursue medical practice. On top of it, racial discrimination began against certain groups of women. For instance, the American Medical Association did not accept females. They were also barred from medical colleges for men. This changed by 1920s. During this period, a significant number of women attended certain leading medical schools. This was further strengthened when the American Medical Association accepted women members in 1915 (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). Women's Rights It is common knowledge among people that women did not have as much legal rights and other opportunities compared to men. Women were confined in homes, where their major roles were wives and mothers. They could not join in political or social matters, as these were the spheres of men. Women lacked many rights that in a sense, they were like slaves. Women have been fighting for their rights as early as the 19th century, spearheaded by evangelical groups and volunteer associations among middle women from class and upper class. They have strived to affect changes in the American society whose perspective on women was too limiting (Walter, 2001, p. 184). Rights that women can freely obtain indicates the â€Å"understanding of global well-being. † This issue is something that every country should resolve, and not only those ones where religion is the law (Shah, 2007). Rights that women should have equal access to include human rights, equality rights, and political rights, among others. The road to these rights was not a smooth one. Women were constantly in battle for equal footing with men. It took almost fifty years before the Equal Rights Amendment was passed to the states for ratification. Women from all races and nationalities united to support and push the ratification of ERA. Rallies, fundraising activities, marches and many other events were conducted to encourage supporters for the amendment. However, many politicians did not see the need to ratify the ERA for women. They argued that if women were allowed rights, it would destroy families or the women's credibility. However, these issues that were once debated on now became a part of the society (Eisenberg & Ruthsdotter, 1998). Voting rights have also been fought for by brave women. Starting in 1920, women were allowed to vote, although their other political roles were limited (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). However, this was a major change in a nation dominated by men who did not believe in allowing women to participate in political matters, including voting. But certain women, such as Stanton, believed that obtaining voting rights was a start to a greater role for women in the society (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, 1995). Reproductive rights, under basic human rights, were also fought for many years. These rights would allow women the right to determine how many children they wanted to have. Without these rights, their other rights would have no profound meaning. This was because when they were not granted reproductive rights, they would not be able to fully make decisions about other areas including education and work. History witnessed the significant decrease in birth rate during the 19th century as women became more educated (Lewis, 2009). Women's Struggles As women battled for their rights and for an equal place in the society, they were faced with opposition from all sides. They have struggled for equality, for voting rights, and for political power. They have struggled to have an identity in the American society. And they have struggled to be freed from the chains that kept them inferiors for many years. Although many changes took place and women now have more liberty compared to the past, women were still in struggle for equality. History has witnessed women's struggle against oppression, as commenced in 1857 in textile factories, to stop racial segregation. They have also demanded to be paid equally with that of their male co-workers. Furthermore, women struggled to push their rights through movements and marches. Many people were firmly opposed to this that some women who participated in these events were jailed or, in remote cases, tortured (TamilCanadian, 1999). The importance of a women's liberation struggle cannot be emphasized enough. Women should be given the freedom from oppression in any form, from discrimination and from their economic dependence on men. Although women have come a long way in their struggles, and now have many rights, there were still some women who faced oppression and in many forms. Sexual harassment is prevalent in some places, especially at work where women's jobs are considered inferior to that of men's. Furthermore, women faced challenges with regards to shared responsibilities between them and their working husbands. On top of these, there is still the segregation of jobs between sexes (TamilCanadian, 1999). In addition, an article in 1999 reported that women in jails were especially susceptible to oppression in the form of sexual abuse and slavery to male prisoners (TamilCanadian, 1999). The Amnesty International reported that women in jails around the world are always victims of human rights violations due to their gender and vulnerability. Women have been the victims of sexual violence, including torture and rape. Furthermore, many of these women were not given proper health care and were instead targeted for punishments and discrimination (Amnesty International, 1999). Even today, women's struggles are still prevalent in the society. Young women struggle for their own equality and democracy. It was claimed that young women have been the targets or victims in many instances. Equal pay for equal work was pushed ahead despite the trying times during the Bush administration. Young women have struggled for reproductive rights, welfare reinstatement, criminalization, violence against them, and better access to public education. In addition, further claims were made regarding the exploitation of young women by capitalists and the structures that they control. This was especially true among young women of color, who are more likely to be the subject of sharper racist edge (Wheeler, 2001). Furthermore, women have experienced being paid less compared to men doing the same job. They have also gone through the lack of job security in the retail/sales industry. Aside from this, women have to submit to restrictions on hours rendered for work. Also, many of these industries do not allow workers to organize. And the worst thing is that immigrant women fall prey to the most despicable working conditions. Between work and families, young women continue to struggle to attend to both. A 2000 census showed that more than 12 million families are led by single parent who also manage the household. Furthermore, 2. 4 million of these families are below the poverty line (Wheeler, 2001). Women's Rights Movement As women became more aware of the importance of obtaining their rights, the Women's Right Movement was put into action in 1848. No one thought that a small group of dedicated women could change the course of history to be able to achieve full rights in America. Women's fight for changes within the family life, employment, government, and education have been notable. These changes did not just happen overnight. Women of different races from different places all desired to affect changes by conducting meetings, nonviolent resistance, and public speaking (Eisenberg & Ruthsdotter, 1998). According to past historical accounts, the birth of the agitation for women's rights was brought about by Frances Wright, a Scotchwoman who visited the United States in 1820. She was popularly known as an intellect on matters regarding politics and social reform. She would live from one place to another, always encouraging both men and women to think differently on traditional beliefs including slavery and the degradation of women in the society. Eventually, Wright succeeded in her efforts, evidenced by literature written by various women. The articles that women wrote talked about the status of women. Furthermore, there were lectures conducted, although some women were bannished for doing so (Hecker, 2004, p. 81). These events have led women to question women's rights, especially among those who were against slavery. Further inquiry into the validity of slavery caused these women to investigate the enforced status of women in the society. Meeting were conducted to address these issues. However, the women, including Angelina and Sarah Gimke, often faced hostility in meetings where there were men. In fact, during a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Association in 1840, men did not take part in committees where there were women involved. This was despite women held a larger contribution to uphold the cause (Hecker, 2004, p. 81). These affairs reached London during the World's Anti-Slavery Convention. Some alti-slavery organizations sent women as their delegates. Unfortunately, the English members refused to allow these women to take part in the proceedings due in part to the opposition of the clergy. The latter believed that St. Paul did not permit women to teach. Thus, delegates Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the first president of the Female Anti-Slavery Society of Philadelphia, decided to start a women's rights convention upon returning to the United States. The World's Anti-Slavery Convention caused a larger cause to exist (Hecker, 2004, p. 81). July 13, 1848 is the birth of the movement in New York during a tea party. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a housewife and mother, along with four friends, was in attendance. During their conversation, the topic turned to the situation of women. Stanton made known of her discontent about the limitations enforced on women in the America's new democracy. Despite the American Revolution which was fought 70 years earlier, women still lacked freedom. Stanton believed that the society could benefit more if women were given active roles. This was something that Stanton's friends agreed with, and thus they carried out a large-scale program (Eisenberg & Ruthsdotter, 1998). Days after this conversation, they set a date and location for their first convention. It was held on July 19-20, 1848, at Seneca Falls, New York. Newspapers attributed the organization of the event to the â€Å"divorced wives, childless women, and sour old maids,† referring to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Mrs. McClintock and other brave women who attended to their domestic lives and to their children. This first convention attracted a large crowd which reached 300 (Hecker, 2004, p. 81). During the convention, the women presented and signed the Declaration of Sentiments and Declaration of Resolutions mainly based on Declaration of Independence. These include the objectives of the women's rights movement. After this convention, many others were held for the following years (Adams, 2003, pp. 7-8). As Stanton herself expected, newspapers and certain people backlashed them. This was because newspapers believed that the Declaration of Sentiments was shameless, most especially the demand for women to vote. They attacked women on all sides. Fuirthermore, the newspapers published the document, along with the signatures of women who supported it. As a result, many of the women from the Convention had doubts and even withdrew their signatures from the document. Despite being embarrassed, some women were steadfast in what they believed in. Fortunately, something happened which favored the women upon the publishing of the document. The negative articles that editors published became widespread that even the people from isolated towns were informed to the issues. As a result, many people became involved in the heated debate regarding the women's rights in the society (Eisenberg & Ruthsdotter, 1998). The push for women's rights was further supported by two factions of the movement in 1869. One was the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) and the other, the National Woman Suffrage Assocation (NWSA). AWSA was organized in Boston by Lucy Stone, a woman popular for advocating anti-slavery and for lobbying the women's rights. NWSA, on the other hand, was organized by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The organization aimed to change federal law and passionately opposed the 15th Amendment as it excluded provisions for women (Women in Congress, n. d. ).. The two factions could not unite because the supporters of AWSA believed that their rival was â€Å"racially divisive and organized†¦ to continue a national reform at the state level† (Women in Congress, n. d. ). Furthermore, NWSA did not include alternative arguments and strategies. The NWSA founders also ignored other women groups, including organizations ran by laborers, civic reformers and farmers (Buhle, M. J. , Buhle, P. , & Stanton, 2005, p. xix). With the delicate balance between these factions, the AWSA and the NWSA strived to maintain momentum. The latter attracted recruits from the public speaking activities of both Stanton and Anthony. AWSA, on the other hand, did not have the wide reach that the rival organization enjoyed, but it was better funded and larger. However, the factions were not able to attract broad support from women. They did not even encourage male politicians to allow women to vote (Women in Congress, n. d. ). Between the 1880s and the onset of 1890s, a surge of volunteerism swept the nation. Many of these volunteers came from middle-class women, most of whom were members of clubs and professional societies, supporters of progressive causes, and members of charity organizations. The surge of volunteerism was brought about by these women's desire to â€Å"expand their sphere of activities further outside the home. Thus, the suffrage movement was further strengthened, and both the AWSA and the NWSA gained momentum. Finally, the two factions united in 1890 as they took advantage of the â€Å"constituency† brought about by the event. AWSA and NWSA united and formed the National Americal Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), led by Stanton and, later, by Anthony. The new organization drew support from various organizations ran by women, including the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), the National Consumer's League, and the Women's Trade Union League (Women in Congress, n. . ). The new organization aimed to gain votes in states and went through some challenges. Finally, in 1869, Wyoming became the first state to allow women full voting rights. Afterwards, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho followed suit. These were the only states which allowed women to vote. The period covering 1910 to 1914, the NAWSA furthered its efforts to encourage other states to do the same thing. Consequently, the stat es Washington, California, Kansas, Arizona, and Oregon extended voting rights to women. In 1913, the Illinois followed suit, and the state's future congresswoman, Ruth Hanna McCormick, helped advance the fight for suffrage. In 1914, Montana joined the states, mainly due to the efforts of its future Congresswoman, Jeannette Rankin (Women in Congress, n. d. ). Women's fight to obtain full rights like those of men's is not finished yet. There are still cases of oppression and violence against women. Women are still struggling to rise to be able to obtain a strong identity in the American society. The liberty and rights that women have today became impossible due to events in the past that put women in the frontline. The Women's Rights Movement have enabled women to obtain voting rights and, consequently, human rights and equality rights. The selfless efforts of several notable women opened the eyes of all women regarding their place in the society. In the past, the only place for women was the home. They lacked basic rights and were mainly inferior to their husbands or to men in general. However, times have changed. In most places, women now stand side by side and in equality with men. The efforts of women to push forward a better life full of opportunities for all women brough forth these fruits.

On the Sidewalk Bleeding Monuloge Essay

All I feel is the excruciating pain entering my aching body. The irritation and agony makes me feel defenceless. I have a multitude of varied thoughts racing through my confused mind. As I am helplessly laying on the cold, wet concrete, with the rain drilling down on me, I am thinking if this is how I am going to die, my life over at the age of just 16. I can think back and faintly remember someone saying, â€Å"that’s for you royal!† and just thinking to myself, if I was not wearing this stupid jacket that I once thought was so important, I perchance wouldn’t have even been in this discomforting situation. All I can do at this point is helplessly lay here praying for someone to find me. Then finally I take a great effort and look over to the end of the street though the rain blurring my vision and see the bright neon lights of a vehicle binding me. I feel a massive relief, I see two figures coming toward me I try to yell again but they seem to just be talking to each other. I want to get their attention but all the sound I can make is the bubbling of blood filing my mouth, as if I am drowning in my own vital fluid. It sounds like the grunt of an animal and that’s the only sound I am capable of making in this state. I start to panic because the people aren’t recognising that I am there, after I tak e all my energy and frustration to get their attention they look at me for a little then they mutter to each other, I can’t understand much they are mumbling about. I just feel powerless hoping he will make the right decision and just get a cop or hep me. He looks at me, my cut body and the rain soaking my purple royals jacket. He sympathetically says, â€Å"Sorry royal,† and walks away. At this very moment I feel frustrated, overwhelmingly confused with anger and abundance. Is it that big of a deal that I am a royal? I am not just a royal, I am Andy. I feel drastically judged and labelled. Right now I will do anything and everything I am physically capable of just to take this jacket off, the only thing that jacket ever did to me was rob me of my life.

The Best and Worst Training Experiences Research Paper

The Best and Worst Training Experiences - Research Paper Example Elements of training design include setting learning objectives, developing instructional strategies, evaluating performance, sequence objectives, and content establishment, and the application of knowledge and skills (HSS, 2012). A trainer should choose the best form of training from the list of available options for better results. This paper will analyze both my best and worst training experiences as an employee with reference to the book, â€Å"Employee Training and Development† by Raymond A. Noe. My training as a driver is probably the best training experience I have had for years. Since my earlier years, I had always hoped to become a driver. Therefore, when the chance came I took it with enthusiasm. I took the training for a number of reasons. Firstly, I had hoped to own a car in a few months’ time and therefore I had to learn the skills of driving to be able to drive my own car. Secondly, I had a job in a food store where I was required to have a driving license as an additional skill. Therefore, the management sent me to a driving school for training. The objective of the training was to equip me with the necessary driving skills and road safety rules that would enable me to transport foodstuffs around my state effectively, safely and without breaking any traffic rules. Actually, I was not the only trainee in our driving school at the time. The design of the training targeted all students who desired to acquire the skills and knowledge in driving. I participated in the training alongside my colleagues. The training took place in many locations. The theory classes took place in a room suited for a driving lesson while the practical took place on the road. This arrangement was very suitable and conducive for this type of training. Different training methods were in application. Lectures and discussions took place in class while skill lessons applied on the road using the training car (FAO, 1998). The expertise of the trainer was unquestiona ble. He used convenient language, moderate training speed, gave instructions with an understanding mind, and was very encouraging. His mode of communication was perfect and he offered us chances to discuss and practice. The elements that I appreciated most in the training process included setting learning objectives, developing instructional strategies, evaluating performance, and the application of knowledge and skills (HSS, 2012). The application of the Behaviorism theory was clear in the training. I would observe and implement what the trainer was doing on the wheels until it become clear (Mergel, 1998). I can actually say the training was successful and I was able to transfer my learning to my job as I can drive comfortably and safely. However, I would recommend an increase on the practical lessons and the introduction of counseling topics for would-be drivers. My training as a sales representative was a bad experience. I had ventured in this training with a hope of securing a p art-time job with a soft drink manufacturing company. The objective of the training was to equip me with necessary sales and marketing knowledge and skills. The target audience was a number of students from our student organization. A friend and I participated in the training. The training took place in one of the empty rooms in the company and the training room was not conducive for the training as there was too much noise from the manufacturing machines in the company.

The representation of savagery and civilization Term Paper

The representation of savagery and civilization - Term Paper Example The American civilization for example, was a combination of European immigrant new technology in terms of superior weaponry farming and international trade technology. It therefore easily overpowered that native technology of bows, arrows and constant migration of Native American tribes. This paper sets out to distinguish between the concepts of savagery and civilization with reference to the contribution of a number of primary sources who have tackled this topic in the past. Perspectives of Primary Sources on Savagery and Civilization In the Descent of man, Darwin describes as native the communities that were to be found in the Western Frontier during the expansion of American rule. He makes the assertion that reproductive power is lower in barbarons or savages than in civilized people (Darwin 45). This was an attempt to compare a purely biological process [reproduction] in people who had attained different levels of civilization. It is clear from the argument in the paper that Darw in is actually talking about mortality rate or reproductive rate. This is because he goes further to argue that because of the poor living conditions, the barbarons have a lower rate of survival. However he goes further to allege that savages appear to be â€Å"less prolific that civilized people† (Darwin, 46). Among the reasons given for the low population levels among the savages are wars with neighbors, a tendency to wander from place to place that endangers the lives of infants, diseases, famine and lack of water. Darwin also states that infanticide is a major cause of depopulation since the savages would rather kill children, especially girls, in an attempt to keep down the population levels (Darwin, 46). Another great blight of colonialism was slavery. Arguments that some cultures were superior to others and civilized persons were much more superior to native savages fuelled the slave trade. This trade ensured that some people were subhuman as they had not undergone the full extent of development in the process of natural selection. According to Darwin certain humans were a sub species of the human species (Darwin 175). Humans therefore shamelessly traded in other humans like commodities. They owned them, made them work and then sold them up to other owners. However, Darwin’s allegations have since been challenged by later day scholars who termed some of Darwin’s assertions as inadequate, presumptive and not supported by irrefutable evidence. Among the scholars who disagree is Fredrick Jackson Turner who refers to the civilization of America as meeting of minds between the European settlers and the American native life (Turner, 3). He goes further to describe how the European had to adjust to the American life by planting corn, using the birch canoe to travel and even adopting the native Indian war cry in order to survive. He acknowledges that the European brought with him some superior technology including the gun and train, but the se alone were not enough for his survival as the environment proved too tough unless he adjusted (Turner, 4). According to him, therefore, it is the combination of cultures that brings about civilization rather than a single purist culture (Turner, 4). The contribution of these arguments towards colonialism was that colonists always argued that they were bringing forth a new

Guardian ad litem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Guardian ad litem - Assignment Example In this regard, the GAL must need to consider certain essential factors while investigating a child. A few of the major factors to be considered while asking questions to Cathy have been provided hereunder. Understanding the needs and ensure to defend the child from any type of physical and emotional harm Comprehending the views of the child and her relationship with each parent and/or other people Identifying possible changes on the child while being separated from the parents Considering practical problems of the child in terms of contacting his/her parents Considering and understanding of the child’s personal and psychological characteristics including cognitive and physical behaviors among others. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the aforementioned considerable factors would be more beneficial for both Cathy and the GAL to share along with understand the feelings while asking various types of questions (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?à ¢â‚¬ ). DISCUSSION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES With reference to the guiding principles that are often represented by the Federal and State Statutes, it can be viewed that certain essential policies ensure to protect and serve paramount interests of the child. A brief discussion about the legal terms or standards determining the best interests of the child i.e. Cathy have been provided hereunder. Ala. Code  § 12-15-101 (LexisNexis through 2012 1st Spec. Sess.). The Federal and/or State Constitution tends to protect the child from different emotional or physical harms and ensures to select appropriate individual amid the parents with whom the child is likely to be stayed (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?†). In relation to the case scenario, the GAL should highly focus on justifying and understanding the emotional along with the physical characteristics of Cathy and making effective decisions of identifying appropriate parent. Moreover, the provi sions in this legal terminology also ensures the deliverance of fundamental rights and needs incorporating adequate care, food, appropriate medical care facilities, cloths along with other remedial elements of the child. D.C. Code Ann.  § 16-2353 (LexisNexis through 7-18-12). With reference to the sections of the Federal and State Statutes, the court is authorized to protect the child through applying standards concerning the rights and responsibilities of the parents. Moreover, the section also tends to ensure extent feasibility of the child’s opinions regarding his/her own personal interests (UC Davis School of Law, â€Å"In the Child’s Best Interest?†). Therefore, it can be stated that the primary roles of the parents generally include adequate care and welfare of the child along with proper arrangement of shared responsibilities to nourish the child as per her basic needs. Moreover, maintaining effective cooperation amid the parents has also been identifie d to ensure serving best interests of the child. Fla. Stat. Ann.  § 39.810 (LexisNexis through 2012 Sess.). In order to act with the purpose of serving paramount interests of Cathy, the guiding principles of the Federal and State constitution can also ensure keeping the child in a suitable custody with a relative or any close caregiver (UC Davis School

Fair and Equitable Treatment on Foreign Investment and its Effects Essay - 1

Fair and Equitable Treatment on Foreign Investment and its Effects - Essay Example xposes the claimant to sectional or racial prejudice, or involves a leak of due process†.7 However, the jurisprudential doctrine of understanding the international law minimum standard has also been developed under international investment agreements.8 Essentially, there have been two views surrounding the understanding of the minimum standard of treatment, wherein breaches lead to violations of the FET standard. Firstly, the traditional view, understands the customary international law minimum standard as was reflected in the Neer case in the 1920s.9 For instance, in Alex Genin v Estonia,10 where the respond authorities revoked the claimant’s bank licence, the tribunal illustrated the conducts that would violate the minimum standard; they concluded that they â€Å"would include acts showing a wilful neglect of duty, an insufficiency of action falling far below international standards, or even subjective bad faith†.11 Thus, it appears clear that the tribunal deals with the traditional view because it believes that the FET standard would be breached in case State acts in bad faith. Secondly, the evolutionary view, considers that the customary international law minimum standard has been evolved since the Neer case. For example, in Azurix case,12 after analysing some awards inside and outside NAFTA the tribunal believed that the minimum requirement to satisfy the FET standard has evolved, and held that â€Å"such intention and bad faith can aggravate the situation but are not an essential element of the standard. It is also understood that the conduct of the State has to be below international standards but those are not at the level of 1927s†.13 Furthermore, in the Railroad case,14 the tribunal also discussed the evolution of the minimum standard and adopted the conclusion that â€Å"the minimum standard of treatment is constantly in a process of development including since Neer’s formulation†.15 Therefore, after examining the ways of interpreting the FET standard, it is logical to say that the controversy between the equating and plain meaning approaches is constantly reviewed in most cases. This, without a doubt, appears in many arbitral awards both within and outside NAFTA, because tribunals are quite reluctant to resolve this controversy.16 In addition, investors almost adopt an expensive view, as in the case of the Pope & Talbot case, while host States seek to support the NAFTA FTC approach of interpreting FET. However, it seems that none of the advanced approaches are able to provide persuasive reasons for their construction of FET, due to the fact that â€Å"this controversy is misguided, and the dichotomy presented by

Travel journals vs. travel blogs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Travel journals vs. travel blogs - Essay Example Travel journal can be made from composition books through redesigning and the change of the cover presentation. However, the major issues in the design are the information in the journal and not the design (Beverly and Thomson 67). To develop the travel journal, the writer must be a traveler with a passion to travel around the world. The success of the whole journal depends on the experience of the writer during the journal. The journal is used to record the significant events and issues that occur during the travel. As stated earlier journals are not the daily recording of the actions of the traveler, but focusses on the significant events or the crucial issue that the writer want to put across to the audience. The success of the travel journal depends on the encounters and the level of fascination connected to the writings. This paper is going to cover the Palmer’s journal of travels over the Rock Mountains, 1845-1846. Palmers Journal of travels over the Rock Mountain 1845-1 846 The Early Western travels authored by Palmer cover a journey through the rocky mountains of the western world slightly after the resettlement that occurred in the era. The journal addresses various issues that the traveller met in the society. Among the vital issues addressed are the social issues affecting the society after the resettlement? The volume focussed is volume 30 of the travel journal. The focus on the volume is the travel in the western part of the US, and the content involves the travel to Columbia among other issues (Berry). The travel indicates the value of technology and other related issues in the travel. During the time of palmer travel, technological advancement in the sectors of transport and navigation was not clear. The social... This essay â€Å"Travel journal vs travel blogs† demonstrates the difference between them. The distinction between the two made on the basis of the medium of presentation. Travel journal employs the use of print format while the blog uses online services. The success of the whole blogging process depends on access to internet services. According to Beverly and Malaval, online presentation offers the opportunity to present issues in an open and clear way. It is easy to update a travel blog compared to travel journal. However, travel journal offers a hard copy of the document and can be kept for reference and blogs may be lost with the changes in the online platform. However, travel blogs are the current issues used in recording the experience of travelling and adventure. Blogs are easier to manage due to the ease of accessibility and the simplicity in setting up. The first travel blog was initiated in 1995 and since then, the use has been on the rise. To succeed in the entire p rocess of blogging the blogger must develop interest and develop the necessary skills for the whole process (Benioff). Travel blogs are increasingly being used to spread the information on the success of the travellers and other relevant information. Information sharing by use of blogs has increased significantly and the travel blogs are becoming one of the most successful platforms for the sharing information. The success of the blog process will depend on the writer’s creativity and the magnitude of the travel.

Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project Case Study

Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project - Case Study Example Scope ï‚ § To improve the recreational and leisure facilities of the area in competition with other providers. Assumptions and Constraints - The project will be delayed by 6 months, - Budgeted money will be inadequate & project delays are acceptable. - Lack of resources along with limited manpower. - HLF has been appointed as a main project monitor & its decisions will directly impact on the project outcomes. Outcome / Quality Expectations ï‚ § More and more residents in the area will be persuaded to visit the park, ï‚ § Existing trees of the area could be preserved and new trees could be planted & it will facilitate the animals and birds to inhabit the area. Risk and Interdependencies - An Environment Impact Analysis must be carried to assess the environmental impact of restoring the park, - Thus the natural eco-system of the area could be disturbed and some of the animals and birds would be driven away. - Some houses and buildings in the area would have to be demolished to expand the Leisure Park, - These houses and offices would have to be relocated elsewhere & it would involve a considerable cost. Benefits ï‚ § Leisure activities increases as a result of the leisure park, ï‚ § The price that residents have to pay for leisure activities decreases, Benefit Realisation - Thus it would be cheaper for the residents to come to the park for leisure than developing their own plots of greenery or look elsewhere for leisure. - This will in turn benefit the Parks and Leisure Developments company. Their profits would rise and thus the employees of the company would be benefited. Fleming Park Restoration and Improvement Project Case study Project Mandate - Example Project Objectives Key Stakeholders / Project Roles To extend the new Total Incentive reward package to the population with effect from June and in so doing: Identify the population as a Xerox resource on one common grade and move towards harmonised terms and conditions of employment. Provide a market-led, modern rewards package that assists attraction and retention at this level. Provide a benefits framework that supports cultural change and recognises and rewards performance, incentivising employees to grow the business. Project Sponsor Project Manager End user working group Etc. To champion the scheme To lead the Project Life cycle Interested parties communication stream to voice end users needs. Scope Assumptions and Constraints To include all existing or equivalent grades across all brands. Estimated population of 535 people

Requirements of legislation Essay Example for Free

Requirements of legislation Essay Explain how the requirements of legislation, codes of practice and agreed ways of working influence professional supervision. Legislation has leaded us to the point of view that supervision is the requirement for all staff: 1) National Minimum Standards – Supplying good practice of supervision is a mandatory requirement set by National Minimum Standards in UK– covering all criteria and aspects of practice (for example policy and procedures; job descriptions and keeping a balance between outcomes for organisation and the development of the staff), career development needs – (for instance professional training), ensuring that staff gets support from supervisors in the area where they are not coping well. In my setting the staff is supported for acquiring continuous professional development courses offered on-line by the HighScope Research Foundation, time is set for in-house CPD sessions by supervisors. One- to one sessions are held by the supervisor to identify the gaps and allocate the distribution of CPD. Staff is given clear guide lines on safe guarding and other policies, procedures and the job descriptions, realistic outcomes are set for the nursery by supervision, keeping in view the current level of development of the staff. 2) Revised EYFS Welfare requirements In our practices this has lead to staff being advised to report to any inappropriate behavior of other staff leading to abuse and neglecting of children in the setting and the supervisors maintain absolute confidentiality of such matters Use of mobile phone is prohibited. Staff is not allowed to take pictures of children from their mobile phones. Alternatively sharing pictures on social media websites is strictly prohibited Staff is encouraged to take on CPD – 100% financial aid is provided to take online HighScope courses, once the gaps are identified by talking through the supervisor. 3) CWDC resources – performance management and dynamic and enabling supervisory relationship – This has provided a supervision tool, where quality and service standards are met at the same time retaining the staff. In my setting staff is encouraged to take new skills and knowledge and implement them. They take balanced and calculated risks and experience their new learning in action, without the supervisors taking control of their activities and blaming them for unexpected outcomes. Eventually this leads to success in outcomes. High quality care services are provided with new skills, development of integrated working is supported along with CPD. Bibliography: Book: Jane Cook, (2013) Leadership and Management is Early Years, Practical Pre-School Books Website: www.makingthedifference.com.au//professional-supervision https://www.childwelfare.gov/management/mgmt_supervision/performance/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator

Strategies for Forecasting Emergency Department Demand

Strategies for Forecasting Emergency Department Demand A Multivariate Time Series Approach to Modeling and Forecasting Demand in the Emergency Department Introduction: Reports by the General Accounting Office, American College of Emergency Physicians, and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) depict an overburdened United States crisis care framework described by congestion and patient consideration delays. From 1993 to 2003 crisis division (ED) visits expanded by 26% while the quantity of EDs diminished by 9%. These shifts in supply and interest have made a situation in which numerous EDs consistently work at or past their composed limit. A 2002 study charged by the American Hospital Association found that roughly 66% of every last one of EDs overviewed accept that they are working at or above limit. The same study found that the impression of congestion is absolutely related with the intricacy of administrations the doctors facility offers and is more predominant among clinics in urban settings. Notwithstanding having an antagonistic effect on patient and clinician fulfillment, ED congestion has malicious impacts on the both the quality and timetables of consideration conveyed in the ED. Expanding interest consolidated with developing lack of ED administrations makes the productive allotment of ED assets progressively imperative. In their report, the IOM prescribes that clinics use data innovation and utilization operations research techniques to end up more productive [3]. Interest anticipating is one such technique, determining is a broadly pertinent, multi-disciplinary science, and is a fundamental movement that is utilized to guide choice making in numerous zones of financial, mechanical, and experimental arranging. Demonstrating and anticipating interest is a dynamic territory of request among crisis medication scientists. Models and strategies that may be valuable for giving choice backing continuously for operational and asset portion errands have been quite compelling. A mixture of distinctive techniques have been proposed as suitable method for gauging request in the ED, a percentage of the proposed routines are: uni-variate time arrangement demonstrating, r ecreation displaying, queuing hypothesis, and machine learning strategies. The last goal was to investigate the potential utility of our multivariate determining models to give choice backing continuously for available to come back to work attendant staffing. The capacity to powerfully conform and assign staffing assets is prone to develop in significance as regulations obliging doctors facilities and EDs to hold fast to medical caretaker staffing proportions get to be more normal. The most settled samples of such government regulations exist in the condition of California where healing facilities have been obliged to watch particular patient-to-medical caretaker proportions subsequent to 2004. These regulations are questionable; in any case, government regulation of patient-to-attendant staffing proportions in different parts of the nation is plausible and pertinent enactment is being proposed on both the state and Federal levels. In spite of the fact that medical attendant staffing proportions remain politically dubious, the logical proof is convincing th at these proportions have a critical effect on nature of consideration, and a powerful group of writing has amassed showing that decreases in the patient-to-attendant proportion are connected with huge diminishments in mortality, unfavorable occasions, and patient length of sit tight. Methods: Study design: This was a review study utilizing totaled information for the year 2006 that was extricated from ED data frameworks. The neighborhood institutional survey board sanction this study and waived the necessity for educated assent. Study setting: This study was led utilizing information gathered from three healing centers worked by Inter-mountain Healthcare, a not-for-profit incorporated conveyance arrange that works clinics and facilities in Utah and southern Idaho. The three clinics were picked in light of the fact that they change in size and setting and the way in which the ED interfaces with whatever is left of the clinic. Table beneath gives unmistakable measurements to every clinic, and extra significant office attributes take after. Table 1  Operational descriptive statistics for three hospitals and hospital emergency departments (ED) Hospital Inpatient beds Trauma designation Teaching hospital ED beds (hall beds) Dedicated laboratory POCT Dedicated radiography Dedicated radiologist service Average hospital occupancy (SD)†  1 270 NA No 27 (5) No No No Yes 69.08% (15.16%) 2 475 Level I Yes 25 (7) No Yes Yes No 81.88% (9.22%) 3 350 Level II No 28 (4) Yes No Yes Yes 82.23% (9.59%) Hospital Average ED patients per day (SD) Average ED patient wait time (SD) Average ED patient LOS (SD) Admission rate Average ED patient board time (SD) Hospital occupancy >90% 1 144.75 (18.08) 33.78 (26.95) 168.81 (114.47) 9.50% 105.54 (69.22) 5.75% 2 108.20 (12.50) 23.07 (17.23) 183.47 (106.07) 21.20% 77.86 (54.88) 21.37% 3 120.60 (16.50) 50.24 (41.56) 185.38 (112.97) 14.50% 109.48 (97.88) 25.48% Point of care laboratory testing. † Average midday (12 pm) inpatient hospital occupancy during 2006.  §Percent of time midday census exceeded 90% during 2006. Data collection and processing: Information for this investigation were extricated from Intermountain Healthcares Oracle based electronic information distribution center. Accumulated hourly information were separated by means of SQL questions. Measures of statistics were gathered for every hour. ED patient evaluation was spoken to as the tally of patients either sitting tight for or getting treatment in the ED. Inpatient enumeration was characterized as the quantity of patients possessing an inpatient bed. Interest for research facility assets was measured as the quantity of lab batteries (e.g., complete blood check) that were gathered amid a given hour (e.g., 12:00:00–12:59:59). Preparatory examination showed that 26 basic lab batteries (Appendix A) represented pretty nearly 80% of the research facility volumes at the EDs included in this investigation. With a specific end goal to better study the effect of inpatient request on ED request we verified that it would be most fitting to cutoff our examination t o a center arrangement of research facility tests for which a noteworthy increment popular inside or remotely could have harmful impacts on ED operations. Thusly, just this center arrangement of 26 research facility batteries was incorporated in our numbers of ED and inpatient lab volumes. Comparative basis drove us to center our investigation on the interest for radiography and CT, as these two modalities represented right around 90% of the interest for radiology administrations at the EDs examined. We gathered the quantity of radiography and CT examining requests for every hour from the ED and inpatient healing center. Extra variables gathered incorporate hourly numbers of patient entries. All variables gathered and included in our investigation are abridged in Table underneath. Table 2Time series variables collected for analysis and inclusion in multivariate forecasting models Variable Definition ED arrivals Count of patients arriving to the ED during a given hour ED census Count of patients waiting for or receiving service in the ED on the hour ED laboratory orders Count of laboratory batteries ordered in the ED during a given hour ED radiography orders Count of radiography orders made in the ED during a given hour ED computed tomography (CT) orders Count of CT orders made in the ED during a given hour Inpatient census Count of patients occupying an inpatient bed on the hour Inpatient laboratory orders Count of laboratory batteries ordered in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Inpatient radiography orders Count of radiography orders made in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Inpatient CT orders Count of CT orders made in the inpatient hospital during a given hour Outcome measures Out-of-sample forecast accuracy was assessed for forecast horizons ranging from one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h in advance by calculating the mean absolute error (MAE). The MAE is a frequently used and intuitive measure of forecast accuracy that measures the magnitude of the deviation between the predicted and observed values of a given time series. For a series of predicted valuesand the corresponding series of observed values (y1,y2,†¦,yn) (1) Model validation and forecasting Our essential target was to assess the legitimacy of our models as far as their capacity to give precise post-test conjectures of registration and of the interest for indicative assets in the ED. This was finished through a reproduced post-test estimating situation in which we incrementally extended the preparation set by 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h and afterward produced figures for every single endogenous variable for skylines going from one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead. This methodology empowered us to create one to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead figures for every one of the 840à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h in the acceptance set. We assessed the estimate precision of our models by registering the MAE for every figure skyline (1–24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h). We analyzed the gauge exactness attained to utilizing the VAR models to a benchmark uni-variate guaging technique. The benchmark strategy picked was occasional Holt-Winters exponential smoothing. Exponential smoothing is a standout amongst the most common determining strategies and in light of its prosperity and incessant utilization we felt that it gave a reasonable benchmark. The last goal was to investigate the potential utility of our multivariate determining models to give choice backing continuously for operational and asset designation undertakings. To do this we assessed the oppressive force of the yield from our gauging models in anticipating cases when satisfactory patient-to-medical attendant proportions would be surpassed. We utilized the four to one ED patient to ED attendant proportion that is commanded by the condition of California as our reference standard of an adequate patient-to-medical caretaker proportion. We characterized any occurrence where the watched ED registration surpassed the normal ED statistics by four or more patients (i.e., the ED is understaffed by a full attendant) as a case of under-staffing. We confirmed that in these cases it would be valuable to have propelled cautioning that would empower an extra RN to be reached preceding the adequate patient-to-attendant proportion being surpassed. Keeping in mind the end goal to do this we entered the figure deviation from the normal ED enumeration (conjecture ED censusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢Ë†â€™Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ED expected registration) for figures made 1–12à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead of time into a solitary variable logistic relapse model. The biased force of the single variable logistic relapse models taking into account the gauged deviation to anticipate occurrences of under-staffing was surveyed through the observational figuring of the full region under the collector working trademark bend (AROC) for every estimate skyline. Every measurable analysis including the determining model improvement and assessment were performed utilizing the R factual program. Table 3p-Values for bivariate Granger-causality tests conducted using the data from Hospital 1, column labels indicate which variable is being evaluated as a leading indicator (regressor), and row labels indicate which variable is being evaluated as the dependent variable Dependent variable Regressor ED Census ED labs ED radiography ED CT Inpatient census Inpatient labs Inpatient radiography Inpatient CT ED census NA 0.11 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.90 ED laboratories NA 0.39 0.24 0.21 0.09 0.23 0.59 ED radiography NA 0.54 0.71 0.37 0.25 0.02 ED CT NA 0.97 0.89 0.45 0.63 Inpatient census 0.98 0.88 0.16 0.24 NA 0.08 0.68 Inpatient laboratory 0.91 0.54 0.96 0.66 NA Inpatient radiography 0.74 0.98 0.51 0.74 NA Inpatient CT 0.35 0.11 0.25 0.07 NA Table 4Goodness-of-fit statistics (MultipleR2) for each endogenous variable included in the eighth order vector autoregression model for Hospital 1 Endogenous variable MultipleR2 ED census 0.97 ED laboratory volumes 0.80 ED CT volumes 0.50 ED radiography volumes 0.70 Inpatient census 0.99 Inpatient laboratory volumes 0.91 Inpatient CT volumes 0.71 Inpatient radiography volumes 0.88 Forecasting results Since our graphic investigations showed that almost no prescient worth was liable to be picked up by including variables speaking to inpatient request in estimating models for interest in the ED, we chose to fit two VAR models for every Hospital. VAR demonstrate 1, or the full model, included both inpatient and ED variables, while VAR display 2 included just ED variables. Both VAR models included ED understanding entries as an exogenous variable. Every model was equipped for creating conjectures just for the endogenous variables included in the model; in this manner, VAR display 1 created figures for inpatient and also ED variables, while VAR show 2 produced gauges just for ED variables. Since the accentuation of this study is gauging request in the ED we just report measures of exactness for ED variables. The consequences of our post-test model approval are introduced for every office. For every figure we present measures of the estimate slip (MAE) for conjecture skylines extending from 1 to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead for ED registration, lab, radiography, and CT volumes. Every figure demonstrates the MAE accomplished utilizing VAR models 1 and 2 and the gauge precision utilizing Holt-Winters exponential smoothing. At Hospitals 1 and 2, VAR models 1 and 2 gave more precise estimates of interest for all ED variables for conjecture skylines up to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead when contrasted with the benchmark uni-variate anticipating technique. At Hospital 3, VAR models 1 and 2 gave better or equivalent figure exactness for skylines up to 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h for ED patient statistics, and for ED research center and radiography volumes. We distinguished almost no contrast between the estimating execution of the full model, display 1, and the model that just joined ED variables, demonstrate 2. This outcome verifies what we found amid our distinct examinations, i.e., that minimal prescient quality would be gathered by demonstrating the collaboration between inter est in the ED and the inpatient doctors facility. Fig. 11 exhibits four different plots, in the first we see the watched contrasted with the normal ED evaluation (taking into account recorded midpoints) for one week (11/26/2006–12/2/2006) at Hospital 2. This figure demonstrates that in a few examples amid this specific week (e.g., Thursday and Friday evening) there were vast deviations (12 patients or all the more) in the watched ED enumeration from the normal ED statistics. The three remaining plots in Figure present the watched ED registration contrasted with the guage ED statistics at 1, 2, and 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead. These plots demonstrate that 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead utilizing model 2 we have the capacity to figure ED statistics at a high level of exactness, at 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead our expectations are less precise yet ready to foresee critical takeoffs from typical ED evaluation levels, and at 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦h ahead our forecasts start to relapse towar ds the normal ED registration. Fig. 12 presents watched, expected, and anticipated research center volumes in the same route as in Fig. 11 for that week. Pretty much just like the case with ED statistics, Fig. 12 display critical variety even in the wake of representing hourly and week after week cycles. On the other hand, dissimilar to ED evaluation our model does not seem to do almost also at foreseeing compelling flights from expected standards even at short. Conclusion: VAR models gave understanding into the elements of interest in the ED and the inpatient healing facility at our neighborhood destinations, and gave more exact gauges of ED statistics for stretched out conjecture skylines when contrasted with standard univariate time arrangement techniques. http://home.ubalt.edu/ntsbarsh/stat-data/topics.htm http://www.j-biomed-inform.com/article/S1532-0464(08)00063-4/fulltext

The Islamic communication

The Islamic communication Overview of the Theory: The theory basically points out the defects that are present in the existing theories of media and communications, they being predominantly western and secular in their approach have certain inconsistencies when applied in the Islamic world. It talks about the establishment of a professional association of Muslim journalists to give the Islamic world a voice that they consider to be appropriate in the media. Fundamentally the Islamic view of the world is based on five principles of (1) tawhid, (2) amrbi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar, (3) ummah, (4) taqwa, and (5) amanat which are also explained in the theory. These five principles are not only the basic governing and guiding factor based on faith for the common Muslims but also for an Islamic state and hence will also be the elements that if an establishment of Muslims journalists is formed will use. The theory also then explains how the Muslim state or the Ummah is different from the present understanding of a nation state or politic al entity in the western world. From an Islamic perspective, therefore, this theory concludes that linguistic and political vocabularies and concepts, now at the centre of global politics, both celebrate the arrival of a new communication age and hold the key to ultimate information control (Mowlana, 2007). The Principles of an Islamic State and Media Theory Tawhid (Faith) Tawhid or faith as understood in the literal sense of the word implies the same thing in Islam. Even though the term has a deeper meaning than the regular interpretation. Tawhid in Islam means the acceptance of the Oneness of God. This implies in the religious context that there is no other power capable of doing anything without the will of God and hence it mandates the total submission of will to God. Since Islam is not just a religion, but an entire way of life. What this basically means is that, the spiritual aspects of the religion are not separate from the social, political, economic as well as personal aspects of a persons life. Hence, while in some other religions, which are classified as spiritual and a separation between the religious aspect of life and all the others can be established, in Islam it cannot be so. A Muslim is not considered a Muslim if he just following the spiritual aspect and not the social, economic and political aspects of the religion. It stands for the necessity of exclusive servitude to God, and it negates any communication and messages, intellectual, cultural, economic, or political, that subjugates humankind to creatures. The principle of Tawhid also negates any right of sovereignty and guardianship of anyone over human society except God. Society can be expected to be free from all deviations and excesses only when the affairs of society are delegated by a Power Transcendental to an individual or a council of rulers, with a power commensurate with responsibilities within the Islamic legal framework. Thus, all man-made laws and ethical codes that arrogate judgment to them, or to any authority or institution other than in obedience or enforcement of Allahs Own Judgment, are void. Therefore, all man-made laws, communication contents, mass media, and public forums that attempt to put restraints upon Allahs sovereignty must be void. Under the principle of Tawhid, another fundamental ethical consideration in tabligh becomes clear: the destruction of thought structures based on dualism, racialism, tribalism, and familial superiority. The function of communication order in Islamic society, according to the principle, is to break idols, to break the dependence on the outsiders, and to set the ummah or community in motion toward the future. Thus, one of the important functions of tabligh is to destroy myths. In our contemporary world, these myths may include power, progress, and modernization. Personalities as they represent these must not be super-humanized and super-defined. One of this dualism, according to this principle, is the secular notion of the separation of religion and politics. (Mowlana, 2007). Amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar A second principle guiding the ethical boundaries of tabligh in Islam is the doctrine of amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar or commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. Implicit and explicit in this principle is the notion of individual and group responsibility for preparing the succeeding generation to accept the Islamic precepts and make use of them. Muslims have the responsibility of guiding one another, and each generation has the responsibility of guiding the next. The Quranic verse explains this: Call people to the path of your Lord with wisdom and mild exhortation. Reason with them in the most courteous manner. Your Lord best knows those who stray from His path and best knows those who are rightly guided (16:125). These points out the responsibilities of Muslims in guiding each other, especially those individuals and institutions that are charged with the responsibilities of leadership and propagation of Islamic ideals. This includes all the institutions of soci al communication such as the press, radio, television, and cinema, as well as the individual citizens of each community. Thus, a special concept of social responsibility theory is designed around the ethical doctrine of commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. This concept has taken on an extra dimension of its own in the Islamic communities and societies through history since Islam as an all-inclusive systematic religion is an interrelated set of ideas and realities covering the entire area of human notion and action, beliefs and practices, thought, word, and deed. This is particularly important in light of the fact that Islam is not only a set of theological propositions, as are many other religions, but is also a set of comprehensive legal frameworks that govern every action of the individual in society and in the world at large (Mowlana, 2007). Ummah (Community) A third fundamental concept in determining the nature and boundaries of tabligh and that of social ethics, particularly as it might relate to the political life of the individual and Islamic society, is ummah or community. The concept of ummah transcends national borders and political boundaries. Islamic community transcends the notion of the modern nation-state system: an Islamic community is a religio-economic concept and is only present when it is nourished and governed by Islam. The notion of community in Islam makes no sharp distinction between public and private; therefore, what is required of the community at large is likewise required of every individual member. Accordingly, the ummah must be exemplary, setting the highest standards of performance and the reference point for others. In the Islamic ummah, the sovereignty of the state belongs to God, and not to the ruler nor even to the people themselves. The ruler or leaders are only acting executives chosen by the people to serve them according to the Law of Islam and the concept of Tawhid. Under the ummah, Islam has a new concept of community. One of the most important aspects of ummah is that Islam does not differentiate between the individuals as members of its community. Race, ethnicity, tribalism, nationalism, have no place to distinguish one member of the community from the rest. Nationalities, cultural differences, and geographical factors are recognized, but domination based on nationality is rejected. It is the individual and its relations to the community that is valued; however, this relationship alone is not the sole purpose in itself, both the individual and society must make their relationship clear to God: Are the individuals in society against God or under God? Taqwa (piety) A fourth principle outlined here to explain the ethical framework of journalism in Islamic societies is the concept of Taqwa or, roughly translated, piety. In Islamic societies, Taqwa is commonly used in reference to individual fear of God and the ability to guard oneself against the unethical forces which might surrender the environment; however, the concept of Taqwa goes beyond this common notion of piety. It is the individual, spiritual, moral, ethical, and psychological capacity to raise oneself to that higher level, which makes a person almost immune from the excessive material desires of the world, elevating the individual to a higher level of prophetic self-consciousness. The assumption is that human beings possess in their nature a set of divine elements which are other than the material constituents that exist in animals, plants, and inanimate objects. Human beings are endowed with innate greatness and dignity. Recognizing that freedom of choice is a condition for the fulfilment of obligation, the person is held responsible to perform his or her obligations within the Islamic framework of ethics. In short, it is recognized that human beings perform some of their actions only under the influence of a series of ethical emotions rather than with an intention of gaining a benefit or of repelling harm. Thus, as a virtue and as an important element in the ethical framework of Islamic communication both on the individual and community levels, Taqwa should be the underpinning ingredient in almost every action of a Muslim. Amanat (Responsibility) The fifth and final principle outlined in this article is the concept of Amanat. The term Amanat signifies great responsibility which the Almighty God has imposed on the human being for his or her deeds in this world. The most relevant view of this concept as it may apply to the conduct of the press and the media is that Amanat refers to Divine Vicegerency for which human beings alone are fit and none else can share this honour with him. The Holy Quran says: Surely, we offered the Amanat into the heavens and the earth and the hills, but they refused to hear it and were afraid of it, and man took it up. Verily, he (human beings) as unjust and ignorant (xxxiii: 72). Thus, human beings fitness for Divine Vicegerange is lower, conditioned by the fact that he or she must practice the lofty code morality which brings him or her to the Supreme Being. Off all the created beings, human beings are certainly the best and noblest (Ashraf-ul-makhlughat). Here, it may be noted that rights and obligations are interdependent. Serving the public interest, therefore, becomes one of the principal ethical duties of the media. Amanat means obligatory duties (faraiz). One aspect of Amanat is that is can only be given to one who has the capability and power to shoulder the burden of its responsibilities and fulfil the commandments of Allah. Thus, in Islam, real progress of moral and not just material, for the latter refers to the transitory things of life. The liberty in Islam has quite a different meaning from that understood in the West. It is neither a prerogative nor an absolute right of the individual. Hamid Mowlanas Take on Communication A number of studies on international communication over the last several decades reveal two essential characteristics. One is the ethnocentric orientation of mass communication systems of the highly developed and industrialized nations, and the second is the asymmetric circulation of information in the world. These two characteristics dominate the world mass media system and indeed are responsible for uneven treatment of events, imbalances in news and information, and also the unequal distribution of power in the world system. It is precisely here that a need for professional code of ethics among Muslim journalists around the world seems imperative, and their creation of a network of professional world associations both timely and inevitable. From the Islamic Revolution in Iran to the occupation of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union, from the Persian Gulf War to the American invasion of Iraq, the last two decades have witnessed profound and worldwide revolutionary movements of an Islamic nature as well as systematic and continuous conflicts which have embraced Muslim lands. The developments in the Islamic world not only have been reported during this period with a good deal of bias, distortion, and ethnocentrism by non-Muslim media but also the great portion of what has been reported has been provided mainly by the Western media and journalists. Research shows that 99 per cent of world events do not come to the attention of readers simply because they are eliminated and considered as unimportant or irrelevant by the media. The Islamic world, in particular, has been on the receiving end of a good share of this modus operandi. A cursory look at the list of existing media and journalist associations around the world quickly shows how the media are organized and mobilized on the basis of nationality, regionalism, ethnicity, and even religious premises and are among the most active nongovernmental organizations around the world. Yet, remarkably, today, there are no professional associations of Islamic journalists which can set professional and ethical criteria for news reporting, protect the rights of individual Muslim journalists, and promote education and training of young men and women who represent a major source of human resources for Islamic culture and civilization. Why should there be an organization of Muslim journalists? Islam is not only a religion but also a total way of life for millions of people around the world. Unlike other major cultural systems, Islam transcends geographical as well as racial and ethnic boundaries and strives for universality of human kind. In short, the socio-cultural elements inherent in and among the Islamic community, ummah, provide a common ground and outline a necessity for the type of news reporting that is vital to understanding events in the world community. Such a network of Muslim journalist and media associations and professional organizations also can play an important role as vanguards and promoters of professional aims within the existing systems of international organizations. A network of professional associations, thus, not only can enhance the exchange of information among and between various geographical areas known as the Islamic world but also can stimulate the ongoing mobilization of journalists and their common interests. Principles of the Association It must be recalled that news values in the Islamic world differ considerably from the general news values in the non-Islamic world and, more specifically, the West. For example, take the concept of so-called hard news common in the Western media with its five Ws syndrome of what, when, where, why, and who which is promoted as universal. The real problem is that the recipient of such five Ws news never is allowed to conceive of news as a whole but only in fragments because the structure of the whole is at odds with what is considered hard facts. The priorities given to news values in the West, such as human interests, proximity, novelty, consequence, and prominence, are totally different from those valued in Islamic contexts. For example, the notion of proximity in the Western media primarily is a geographical as well as spatial concept. To apply this concept, in its orthodox sense, to the Islamic world would eliminate news coming from distant places such as Indonesia, China, Africa, or Latin America when the media and its audiences are located somewhere in the United States or the Middle East. Proximity in an Islamic context is neither geographical nor spatial but rather cultural-that is to say, events of the Islamic community of ummah are and must be relevant to the entire Muslim world regardless of nationalities and countries. The factors of human interest or prominence are by themselves not adequate justification for reporting of news in the Islamic context. News and information for the ummah are social commodities and not cultural industries. Analysis of the Propositions Even though the idea of having a unified singular association of Muslim journalists as proposed by Hamid Mowlana does seem appealing, there are certain points which if not taken into context can result in more chaos and instability than the pre-existing conditions. Mowlana emphasis the establishment of the association on the basis of Islam however, he fails to mention which form of Islam that is being followed currently will be the guiding factor for this association. Since it is pretty clear that there are more than 70 different sects of Islam currently being followed in the world and mostly the political scenarios are shaped by them, it will be difficult to come to a consensus. Since this is a matter of religion, it will be going against Ones faith if any of the principles are compromised upon. The predominant clash can be seen between the Shia and the Sunni. And we can see the problems that are happening on the political scenario in Iraq due to this very difference. Also, then there are variation of within the Sunnis and the Shias. This problem as he proposes can be taken care of by establishing it on the basis of the Quran and the Sunnah. That however, will also leave us with at least five different interpretations of Islam. Which can be se en in his own works Although the official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Jfari school of Shia thought, other Islamic schools of thought, including the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki, and Yazdi schools, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious devotions. (Mowlana, 1996: 175) Another important issue that Mowlana has not tackled properly in his theory is the various cultural differences that are there due to the geo-political scattering of the Muslims. Since by its very nature the association will be established to cater the need of the Muslim population throughout the globe, it is necessary to take into account the differences that are there in the Muslim world. Perhaps the closest we have to anything called a Muslim news network is Al Jazira, and I say close as it is also primarily not a Muslim news organization, we can see that it also again focuses on the issues that are there at the core of the Arab population and hence is not directly catering to the needs of the Muslims in the world. How he proposes to solve such a problem is not clear in any of his works. With the other parts of the theory of Mowlana that there should be an Islamic view of communication is what I agree with. Since, as explained above the Islamic community is an Ummah and unlike other religions Islam is a complete way of life. Conclusions With a few reservations that I have to the theory of Mowlana and those are also with the establishement of the association of the journalists that he proposes. I also feel that perhaps taking the Islamic point of view on communication and especially the differentiation between Tabligh and Propoganda is necessary for the world that we are living in. We are currently facing a crisis as to where Islam is being targeted as a religion that is one of the primary reasons for the absence of peace in the world and hence it is necessary that we show the Muslim perspective on the various events occurring in the world. References Khiabany, Gholam (2003) De-westernizing Media Theory, or Reverse Orientalism: `Islamic Communication as Theorized by Hamid Mowlana, Media Culture Society 2003; 25; 415 Mowlana, Hamid (1979) Technology versus Tradition: Communication in the Iranian Revolution, Journal of Communication 29(3): 107-12. Mowlana, Hamid (1989) The Islamization of Iranian Television, Intermedia 7(5): 35-9. Mowlana, Hamid (1993) The New Global Order and Cultural Ecology, Media, Culture Society 15(1): 9-27. Mowlana, Hamid (1996) Global Communication in Transition: The end of Diversity? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mowlana, Hamid (2007) Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China Media Research, 3(4), 2007 Mowlana, Hamid (1997) Islamicising the Media in a Global Era: The State- Community Perspective in Iranian Broadcasting, in Kevin Robins (ed.) Programming for People: From Cultural Rights to Cultural Responsibilities. United Nations Television Forum, New York, 19-21 November. Report presented by RAI-Radiotelevisione Italiana. Mowlana, Hamid and Laurie Wilson (1990) The Passing of Modernity. London: Longman.

Domestic Violence Facts and Myths :: Violence Against Women Essays

In this paper I will be telling you many different forms of domestic violence. I will include the physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, spiritual abuse, economic abuse, social abuse, and emotional abuse. I will also describe the "cycle of violence", teen dating violence, and why women stay with an abusive partner. Physical abuse takes many forms including hitting, punching, pulling hair, slapping, grabbing, biting, kicking, breaking bones, bruising, burning, twisting arms, throwing victims against walls and furniture, throwing objects and using weapons. It also includes damaging household goods, killing pets, and denial of human needs, like sleep and nutrition. Assault can be of a life-threatening nature resulting in broken bones, miscarriages and other serious injuries. A substantial proportion of victims are threatened or assaulted with weapons such as knives, firearms and axes. Physical violence can result in murder and often leads to serious physical injury. The injuries are not always obvious as abusers often make sure the signs of their attacks are hidden under clothing. For many women there is a real and constant threat of death because of the seriousness of the abuse. Sexual abuse in the home is domestic violence. Sexual intercourse without consent is sexual assault. Sexual assault may or may not involve physical force. Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual contact. Many men still believe that they have the right to unlimited sexual access to their wives. Verbal abuse consists of derogatory comments, insults and constant put- downs. Lack of physical attractiveness, inferiority, inability to cope and succeed on her own and being told that she is not a good mother/wife/housekeeper. Over time this constant humiliation will destroy a women's belief in herself and severely affect her self-esteem. She begins to take on the abusive descriptions as if they are real and therefore may start to believe that she's worthless, that the violence is her fault. It must be kept in mind that responsibility for the violence lies solely with the perpetrator, not the victim. Threats are very common form of verbal abuse, aimed at terrorizing the woman to such and extent that the abuser is in total control. Threats by a man to kill a woman if she leaves him are often reported by victims of domestic violence. Emotional abuse closely linked to verbal abuse, these behaviors are also aimed at terrorizing the victim and stripping her of her self-confidence. Behaviors include destroying household/personal property deliberately hurting/injuring/killing domestic pets, deprivation of essential personal

Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - Impact of Sin :: Scarlet Letter essays

Impact of Sin in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a story of characters that have to live and deal with the effects of sin in different ways. There are many themes to this story, the main one being you can't just ignore your sins and hold them inside of you. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale committed adultery, but when his mistress, Hester Prynne, became pregnant he remained quiet. Hester was punished for this sin in more than one way. She had to wear a scarlet letter A upon her chest which was nothing compared to the shunning by all of the town and constant sermons directed towards her. Although this is not that bad compared to the pain and torture Dimmesdale goes through. He holds this huge secret inside of him, which does nothing but tear away at his heart and mind. This causes him to inflict pain upon himself constantly and to age and become feeble very quickly. "But there is a fatality, a feeling so irresistible and inevitable that it has the force of doom, which almost invariably compels human beings to linger around and haunt, ghost-like, the spot where some great and marked event has given the colour to their lifetime; and, still the more irresistibly, the darker the tinge that saddens it." Chapter 5, Page 73. Not the sin itself caused this pain to Dimmesdale, but the fact that he could talk of it with no one and revealing it to the public would ruin him. In the end he is ruined one way or another. He could have came out right away and admitted his sin, in which would have made Hester's punishment less. They would have stood on the scaffold together in punishment for their sin.